Genetic variability of hepatitis E virus within and between three epidemics in India

Aggarwal, Rakesh; McCaustland, Karen A.; Dilawari, J. B.; Sinha, Saswati; Robertson, Betty H.

doi:10.1016/s0168-1702(98)00123-3

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The sole exception was an HEV isolate collected during an outbreak in India, which was 95% similar to the other outbreak-related viruses in the ORF2 region and which may have represented a sporadic isolate unrelated to that outbreak [Aggarwal et al, 1999]. Recently, the quasi-species organization of HEV was demonstrated within one epidemic in Algeria with a sequence diversity ranging from 0.11% to 3.4% [Grandadam et al, 2004].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis E virus in Darfur, Sudan, and neighboring Chad

et al. 2005

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The within-outbreak diversity of hepatitis E virus (HEV) was studied during the outbreak of hepatitis E that occurred in Sudan in 2004. Specimens were collected from internally displaced persons living in a Sudanese refugee camp and two camps implanted in Chad. A comparison of the sequences in the ORF2 region of 23 Sudanese isolates and five HEV samples from the two Chadian camps displayed a high similarity (>99.7%) to strains belonging to Genotype 1. But four isolates collected in one of the Chadian camps were close to Genotype 2. Circulation of divergent strains argues for possible multiple sources of infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HEV isolates obtained within outbreaks have generally shown a high degree of genetic similarity [Aggarwal et al, 1999;Grandadam et al, 2004]. Beginning in May 2004, a large outbreak of hepatitis E occurred among victims of the civil disturbance in the Darfur region of Sudan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis E virus in Darfur, Sudan, and neighboring Chad

et al. 2005

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“…Stool specimens were taken to the Plum Island Foreign Animal Disease Center (PIADC) where they were converted to 10% (w/v) suspensions in PBS (0.01 M, pH 7.2-7.4) and clarified by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 30 min. Aliquots were tested for HEV by nested RT-PCR [McCaustland et al, 1991;Aggarwal et al, 1998Aggarwal et al, , 1999 with two sets of degenerate primers (external 3156/3157 and internal 3158/3159) that amplify a 347 bp fragment from the ORF2 region [Meng et al, 1997]. Only one specimen was HEV RNA positive; it was screened for viruses of foot and mouth disease, hog cholera, and classical swine fever.…”

Section: Swine Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete sequence of a Kyrgyzstan swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolated from a piglet thought to be experimentally infected with human HEV

Lü

Drobeniuc

Kobylnikov³

et al. 2004

Journal of Medical Virology

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was identified by RT-PCR amplification with degenerate ORF2 primers in the stool of a piglet experimentally inoculated with a stool suspension from a patient with acute hepatitis during an outbreak of non-A, non-B hepatitis in Kyrgyzstan. Further characterization by sequencing of the complete genome and phylogenetic analysis showed that the piglet isolate was most closely related to HEV genotype 3. Because the original human stool specimen used to inoculate the piglet was no longer available, stool samples from three patients obtained during the same outbreak were sequenced and found to be HEV genotype 1. These findings suggest that the HEV isolated from the swine stool was probably an HEV enzootic in Kyrgyzstan and not the virus inoculated from the human stool.

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“…Large epidemics have been reported from India such as an outbreak in Delhi in [1955][1956] with nearly 29,300 cases and another in Kanpur in 1991 with estimated 79,000 cases [Viswanathan, 1957;Naik et al, 1992]. Several smaller outbreaks have also been reported [Aggarwal et al, 1999]. The route of transmission of infection during these epidemics is fecal-oral, usually through consumption of contaminated drinking water [Viswanathan, 1957;Naik et al, 1992;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presence of hepatitis E virus in sewage in Northern India: Frequency and seasonal pattern

Ippagunta

Naik

Sharma

et al. 2007

Journal of Medical Virology

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Outbreaks of acute hepatitis E, associated with consumption of contaminated drinking water, are frequent in India. Sewage is a major source for contamination of surface water. Data on the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in sewage in India are limited. The aim of this study was to look for the presence of HEV RNA in concentrates of sewage specimens collected from a major open sewage drain in Lucknow, India during August 2004 to July 2006, by the polymerase chain reaction, using primers specific for human HEV (genotype 1) or Indian swine HEV (genotype 4). Of the 192 sewage specimens tested, 79 (41%) showed presence of human HEV RNA. The positivity rate was higher during the second year (52/103 [51%]) than during the first year (27/89 [30%]; P = 0.005). The seasonal pattern of HEV RNA positivity was as follows: winter months (November to February): 28 of 61 (46%); summer months (March to June): 36 of 66 (55%); and, monsoon months (July to October) 15 of 65 (23%). There was no reported outbreak of hepatitis E in the city during the study period. Swine HEV RNA was not detected in any of the 69 specimens tested. Repeat testing confirmed the reproducibility of the results. In addition, nucleic acid sequencing of six sewage isolates showed that these belonged to HEV genotype 1. The study suggests that HEV infection and fecal viral excretion may be common in HEV-endemic regions throughout the year even during non-epidemic periods.

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Genetic variability of hepatitis E virus within and between three epidemics in India

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis E virus in Darfur, Sudan, and neighboring Chad

Genetic heterogeneity of hepatitis E virus in Darfur, Sudan, and neighboring Chad

Complete sequence of a Kyrgyzstan swine hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolated from a piglet thought to be experimentally infected with human HEV

Presence of hepatitis E virus in sewage in Northern India: Frequency and seasonal pattern

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