Genetic structure of Suillus luteus populations in heavy metal polluted and nonpolluted habitats

Abstract

The genetic structure of populations of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Suillus luteus in heavy metal polluted and nonpolluted areas was studied. Sporocarps were collected at nine different locations and genotyped at four microsatellite loci. Six of the sampling sites were severely contaminated with heavy metals and were dominated by heavy metal-tolerant individuals. Considerable genetic diversity was found within the geographical subpopulations, but no reduction of the genetic diversity, current or historic, was observed in subpopulations inhabiting polluted soils. The genetic differentiation between the geographical subpopulations was low, and no evidence for clustering of subpopulations from polluted soils vs. subpopulations from nonpolluted soils was found. These results indicate that heavy metal pollution has a limited effect on the genetic structure of S. luteus populations, and this may be due to the high frequency of sexual reproduction and extensive gene flow in S. luteus, which allows rapid evolution of the tolerance trait while maintaining high levels of genetic diversity.

Transcriptome analysis by cDNA-AFLP of Suillus luteus Cd-tolerant and Cd-sensitive isolates

“…This could be caused by an expression below the detection limit or sequence divergence of the corresponding transcript although it is not likely that sequence divergence would explain all observed variations. Coding sequences seem to be relatively highly conserved in S. luteus in contrast to the high overall genetic variation reported by Muller et al (2007b). Based on the transcript sequences obtained in this study a similar interand intra-population homology of 99.5% was estimated.…”

Effect of the geographical origin, culture media, and pH on the growth dynamic of the edible ectomycohrrizal mushroom Suillus luteus

“…Populations of S. luteus can be genetically differentiated according to the environmental conditions where they develop (Colpaert et al, 2000;Muller et al, 2007). In this study, strains from San José, a more coastal environment, displayed less efficient growth than strains from Gualleco and Las Risqueras, which suggests that edaphoclimatic conditions play an important role in the growth of S. luteus.…”

“…In addition, edible mycorrhizal fungi have a high social and economic value to rural communities by generating sources of food and work (Barroetaveña et al, 2008). Similar to many fungi, Suillus luteus (L.) S. F. Gray is characterized by genetic variations among populations, especially when growing in soils , and Götz Palfner contaminated with heavy metals (Colpaert et al, 2000;Muller et al, 2007). Therefore, the source of fungal material can play an important role in the development of the species and, consequently, in the symbiotic association.…”

Population genetics of ectomycorrhizal fungi: from current knowledge to emerging directions

“…These obstacles seem to be common in fungal genomes (Dutech et al 2007). However, after the first paper published in 1998 by Bertault et al, the number of studies based on microsatellites has grown in the last 6 y (Kretzer et al 2004(Kretzer et al , 2005Rubini et al 2005;Dunham et al 2006;Lian et al 2006;Grubisha et al 2007;Muller et al 2007;Roy et al 2008;Hitchcock et al 2010;Vincenot et al submitted for publication), and many technical notes have reported the development of microsatellite markers (e.g. Jany et al 2003;Rubini et al 2004;Bergemann et al 2005;Grubisha et al 2005;Adams et al 2006;Hitchcock et al 2006;Jany et al 2006;Wadud et al 2006aWadud et al , 2006bHirose & Tokumasu 2007;H€ ogberg et al 2009;Murat et al 2011).…”

“…Up to now, the design of microsatellites for EM fungi has been hindered by technical difficulties such as DNA contamination of fruitbodies (since some species are impossible to isolate and to cultivate) or failures at different steps of the library procedure (Dutech et al 2007). Moreover, microsatellite loci exhibit low allelic diversity in some species, either from enriched libraries (Kanchanaprayudh et al 2002;Muller et al 2007;Amend et al 2009) or from Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) or genome-based approaches (Jany et al 2003;Adams et al 2006;Vincenot et al submitted for publication). These obstacles seem to be common in fungal genomes (Dutech et al 2007).…”