Genetic Resources of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) With Colored Pericarp

Abstract

The rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) provides nutrition for more than half the world's population. Traditionally it is considered an Asian crop, but it is also cultivated in Africa, America, Australia and Southern Europe. The main areas of rice growing in the world are occupied with the white-grained varieties. Wild-growing ancestors of cultural rice had a colored grain pericarp. In the countries of traditional rice growing, along with white-grained varieties, red and black grain rice varieties are grown as a dietary and therapeutic product. It is used for food without preliminary grinding of the grains, therefore all nutrients and biologically active substances this culture is valued for are preserved. Rice with the colored grain pericarp has a higher antioxidant activity than white-grained. The review presents data on the content of antioxidant compounds in the varieties of the red-and black-grained rice: phenolic acids, flavonoids, γ-oryzanol, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, etc. Aiming at these useful properties of rice plants with a colored grain pericarp, the leading rice-growing countries work on breeding of the modern pigmented rice varieties. In European countries, Italy and France, the red and black grain varieties of rice with a high content of phytochemical elements have also been bred based on Asian varieties. Breeding of rice varieties with colored grain pericarp was started in the Russian Federation in 2001. As a result, the following rice varieties were developed: red-grained Mars and Rubin (2012), as well as the black-grained glutinous variety Yuzhnaya Noch (2014), which are included in the RF State Register of Protected Breeding Achievements. These varieties have been revealed to contain a large amount of oleic and linolenic acids (up to 43 % each), whereas only their traces are found in the white-grained rice variety Rapan. There are significant differences in the content of antioxidants: Rapan has 7 mg/100 g; Mars and Rubin, 45 mg/100 g; Yuzhnaya Noch, 105 mg/100 g. These varieties have been introduced into commercial production and are used for dietary nutrition and as a starting material for the creation of new exclusive varieties of rice.Key words: red rice; black rice; rice varieties; hybridization; breeding; antioxidants; anthocyanins; proanthocyanidins; nutritional value.Рис посевной (Oryza sativa L.) обеспечивает питание более полови ны населения Земли. Традиционно он считается азиат-ской культу рой, но возделывается также в Африке, Америке, Австралии и Южной Европе. Основные площади посева риса в странах мира занимают белозерные сорта. Дикорастущие предки культурного риса имели окрашенный перикарп зерна. В странах традиционного рисоводства наряду с белозерными сортами выращивают крас нозерный и чернозерный рис для использования в качестве дие тического и лечебного продукта. Его употребляют в пищу без предварительного шлифования крупы, поэтому сохраняются все питательные и биологически активные вещества, которыми ценит ся эта культура. Рис с окра-шенным перикарпом зерна обладает более выс...

The Potential of High-Anthocyanin Purple Rice as a Functional Ingredient in Human Health

“…purple rice has attracted attention in the international rice market; at the same time, some new pigmented rice varieties have been bred and adapted to cultivation in other countries such as Italy, France, Russia, and Australia [30][31][32][33]. These events confirm that the worldwide demand for pigmented rice is increasing.…”

“…For example, traditional medicine in China uses pigmented rice to prevent anemia and to improve blood circulation, kidney function, and eyesight [ 29 ], while black porridge rice is given to aid recovery of broken bones [ 23 ]. Recently, Asian purple rice has attracted attention in the international rice market; at the same time, some new pigmented rice varieties have been bred and adapted to cultivation in other countries such as Italy, France, Russia, and Australia [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. These events confirm that the worldwide demand for pigmented rice is increasing.…”

Heritability and amylose content in hybrid lines of late-generation rice with colored pericarp

“…This protein is a product of the Wx gene that controls the amylose content. The intensity of this protein band is associated with a high or low amylose content (Zelenskaya et al, 2018).…”

“…It is eaten without pre-grinding of the grains, so all the nutrients and biologically active substances that are valued in this crop are preserved (Valarmathi et al, 2020). Rice with colored grain pericarp has a higher antioxidant activity than white-grain rice (Zelenskaya et al, 2018).…”

“…When creating new varieties with a colored grain pericarp, both anc ]ient varieties and wild (ruderal) forms of rice with non-crumbling spikelets with several economically valuable features serve as the starting material. In the breeding practice of many rice-growing countries, both targeted artificial hybridization and the selection of spontaneous hybrids between white-, red-, and black-grain rice samples are widely used (Zelenskaya et al, 2018).…”