Genetic Recombination between Two Genotypes of Genogroup III Bovine Noroviruses (BoNVs) and Capsid Sequence Diversity among BoNVs and Nebraska-Like Bovine Enteric Caliciviruses

Han, Myung Guk; Smiley, Jeffrey R.; Thomas, Christopher; Saif, Linda J.

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.11.5214-5224.2004

Cited by 65 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…This conserved nucleotide motif is almost identical within each genogroup of NoVs and SaVs, probably facilitating homologous recombination during co-infection of a cell by different genotypes of NoVs or SaVs within the same genogroup. In fact, recombinant NoVs having a recombination site at the RdRp-capsid junction region were identified in humans, calves and pigs [15,48,[59][60][61][62][63]. Two porcine NoVs, QW170 and QW218 strains, which share 99% nt identity at the 3'-end 3kb sequence of the genome, were reported as potential recombinants [15].…”

Section: Recombination Of Porcine Novs and Savsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low infectious doses [1], prolonged asymptomatic shedding [80], environmental stability [121] and great strain diversity [47,51] increase the risk of infections by this virus family. Moreover, the identification of closely related animal enteric caliciviruses in pigs and cattle, and the existence of recombinants within human NoVs [48,60], porcine NoVs [15], bovine NoVs [63,122], and also within the human and the porcine SaVs [43,50] raises concerns for possible infections or co-infections of humans with animal or with human and animal enteric caliciviruses, respectively. One possible source for mixed occurrence of both animal and human enteric caliciviruses is via human consumption of contaminated raw shellfish.…”

Section: Porcine Novs and Savs In Shellfishmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Wang

Costantini

Saif

2007

Vaccine

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Porcine enteric caliciviruses include sapoviruses and noroviruses. Porcine sapoviruses infect pigs of all ages and cause diarrhea in young pigs, whereas porcine noroviruses were detected exclusively from adult pigs without clinical signs. Importantly, certain porcine norovirus strains were genetically and antigenically related to human noroviruses. This raises public health concerns that pigs may be reservoirs for emergence of epidemic human norovirus strains. This article reviews the discovery of porcine noroviruses and sapoviruses, their classification, diagnosis, epidemiology and genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses.

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Section: Recombination Of Porcine Novs and Savsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Porcine Novs and Savs In Shellfishmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Wang

Costantini

Saif

2007

Vaccine

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“…Studies have also shown the specificity of GIII and NB VLPs, with no cross-reactivity observed with GI and GII with the antiserum reagents produced (21,26). Sequence comparison has shown a low level of amino acid sequence identity between human and bovine norovirus strains, suggesting that antigenically and genetically, the strains are distinct (27). But cross-reactivity cannot be completely ruled out, as limited antigenic cross-reactivity between NoVs of different genogroups may occur, as evidenced by the use of VLPs and antisera generated from panels of NoV genotypes of genogroups I and II (28).…”

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Exposure to Human and Bovine Noroviruses in a Birth Cohort in Southern India from 2002 to 2006

et al. 2013

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cHuman and bovine norovirus virus-like particles were used to evaluate antibodies in Indian children at ages 6 and 36 months and their mothers. Antibodies to genogroup II viruses were acquired early and were more prevalent than antibodies to genogroup I. Low levels of IgG antibodies against bovine noroviruses indicate possible zoonotic transmission. N oroviruses (NoVs) are nonenveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses, accounting for ϳ50% of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide (1). Seroepidemiological surveys using NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) as antigens show exposure to NoVs across the globe (2-7), with high seroprevalence in children Ͻ5 years of age; seroprevalence can reach 100% in adults (2,8,9). Analyses of bovine strains suggest close relation to human NoV genogroup I (GI) and . Studies from the Netherlands found that 22% of the population had antibodies to bovine NoV, with veterinarians having high frequencies of antibodies (15), raising the possibility of zoonotic transmission (16). In this study, sera from children in a birth cohort and their mothers were used to assess exposure to human and bovine norovirus genogroups in early life and adulthood.The study population was a birth cohort from semiurban slums in Vellore, South India, recruited and monitored from 2002 to 2006, with sample collection as previously described (17)(18)(19). Maternal sera at delivery and sera from children at 6 and 36 months were tested for IgG antibodies against human and bovine viruses. Diarrheal samples from calves were collected from a veterinary clinic and a commercial dairy farm in 2007 and 2008 (20). Written informed consent was obtained from parents of all children; the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.The NoV GIII and NB VLPs were obtained from Linda Saif, Ohio State University (21). Validation assays were carried out prior to use of bovine VLPs using 20 bovine sera from a veterinary clinic. Goat anti-bovine IgG-horseradish peroxidase (IgG-HRP; (Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc., United States) was added, followed by addition of 3,3=,5,5=-tetramethylbenzidine substrate solution. The reaction was stopped with 2 M sulfuric acid after 15 min, and optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm.Serum IgG was detected using plates coated overnight with 2 g/ml of human and bovine VLPs in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4°C, and the plates were blocked using 10% skim milk in PBS. Diluted serum samples were added to uncoated and VLPcoated wells and incubated. Anti-human IgG (Southern Biotech, United States) was added, followed by goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP (human adsorbed; Southern Biotech) and the substrate 2,2=-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) solution; the reaction was stopped using 1% SDS solution, and OD was measured at 405 nm.The assays for human and bovine VLPs differed in the standards and controls included on each plate. The GI and GII standard curves were 2-fold dilutions of positive human sera starting at a 1:100 dilution, and the GI...

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“…Viruses within a genotype had 91 to 99% amino acid identity in their complete capsid proteins (17,30,31,34). The majority of the amino acid variation was in the protruding or P-domains of the capsid proteins.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This led to their recognition and highlighted the need to determine the exact role of bovine noroviruses in the calf diarrhea syndrome. The capsid genes of genotype 1 viruses have been identified less commonly than the genotype 2 viruses (17,30,31,34,39). Of the 26 complete capsid genes currently available for bovine noroviruses from GenBank, only 5 were genotype 1, with the remaining 21 genotype 2.…”

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Genotype 1 and Genotype 2 Bovine Noroviruses Are Antigenically Distinct but Share a Cross-Reactive Epitope with Human Noroviruses

et al. 2006

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The bovine enteric caliciviruses Bo/Jena/1980/DE and Bo/Newbury2/1976/UK represent two distinct genotypes within a new genogroup, genogroup III, in the genus Norovirus of the family Caliciviridae. In the present study, the antigenic relatedness of these two genotypes was determined for the first time to enable the development of tests to detect and differentiate between both genotypes. Two approaches were used. First, cross-reactivity was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) and convalescent-phase sera from calves infected with either Jena (genotype 1) or Newbury2 (genotype 2). Second, cross-reactivity was examined between the two genotypes with a monoclonal antibody, CM39, derived using Jena VLPs. The two genotypes, Jena and Newbury2, were antigenically distinct with little or no cross-reactivity by ELISA to the heterologous VLPs using convalescent calf sera that had homologous immunoglobulin G titers of log 10 3.1 to 3.3. CM39 reacted with both Jena and heterologous Newbury2 VLPs. The CM39 epitope was mapped to nine amino acids ( ). Molecular modeling showed that the CM39 epitope was located within the NH 2 -terminal arm inside the virus capsid. Surprisingly, CM39 also reacted with VLPs from two genogroup II/3 human noroviruses by ELISA and Western blotting. Thus, although the bovine noroviruses Jena and Newbury2 corresponded to two distinct antigenic types or serotypes, they shared at least one cross-reactive epitope. These findings have relevance for epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence of bovine norovirus serotypes and to develop vaccines to bovine noroviruses.

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Genetic Recombination between Two Genotypes of Genogroup III Bovine Noroviruses (BoNVs) and Capsid Sequence Diversity among BoNVs and Nebraska-Like Bovine Enteric Caliciviruses

Cited by 65 publications

References 35 publications

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Porcine enteric caliciviruses: Genetic and antigenic relatedness to human caliciviruses, diagnosis and epidemiology

Exposure to Human and Bovine Noroviruses in a Birth Cohort in Southern India from 2002 to 2006

Genotype 1 and Genotype 2 Bovine Noroviruses Are Antigenically Distinct but Share a Cross-Reactive Epitope with Human Noroviruses

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