“…Known risk factors mainly relate to inflammation and autoantibodies and are estimated to explain 32% of the variance in joint destruction 1. Recently, the heritability of the rate of joint destruction was estimated to be 58% 2. Identifying individual genetic risk factors may increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying differences in severity of joint destruction.…”
Patients with RA carrying risk alleles of genetic variants in Dkk-1 have higher serum levels of functional Dkk-1 and more progressive joint destruction over time.
“…Known risk factors mainly relate to inflammation and autoantibodies and are estimated to explain 32% of the variance in joint destruction 1. Recently, the heritability of the rate of joint destruction was estimated to be 58% 2. Identifying individual genetic risk factors may increase our understanding of the mechanisms underlying differences in severity of joint destruction.…”
Patients with RA carrying risk alleles of genetic variants in Dkk-1 have higher serum levels of functional Dkk-1 and more progressive joint destruction over time.
“…Genetic variants are estimated to contribute to 58% of the total variance in RA joint destruction, with clinical and serological risk factors explaining only about one-third of the total phenotypic variation 6. Most risk alleles for RA joint destruction have been identified in ACPA-positive patients or in pooled ACPA-negative and ACPA-positive patients, but we lack information about the genetic contribution to ACPA-negative RA severity 7–9.…”
“…Genetic factors are estimated to explain half of this variance1; environmental factors likely play a role as well. No clear environmental risk factors for joint damage progression have been identified.…”
This multi-cohort study indicated that the effect of smoking on joint damage is mediated via ACPA and that smoking is not an independent risk factor for radiological progression in RA.
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