“…Challenges in these research areas are to understand host-plant adaptation, multi-scale geographic genetic differentiations, and population ecology of sympatric speciation. Basic geographic differentiations and host-range association studies have been performed using allozyme markers (Pashley et al, 1985;Pashley, 1986), random amplified polymorphic DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers (Martinelli et al, 2006(Martinelli et al, , 2007, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I genes (Nagoshi et al, 2006;Nagoshi, 2010). However, the use of highly variable and sensitive molecular markers as microsatellites has not yet been reported in this species in molecular ecology studies.…”