“…The widely used techniques include Perturb and Observe (P&O) [7][8][9][10], Incremental Conductance (IC) [11,12], Hill Climbing (HC) [8,13], open-circuit voltage [13,14], and short-circuit current algorithm [13,15]. Recently, several artificial intelligent methods, i.e., Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) [16][17][18][19][20][21], Artificial Neural Network (ANN) [16,22,23] are explored. The above-mentioned conventional MPPT algorithms are not capable of tracking the true maximum power point (MPP) if the PV array is partially shaded, such as covered by heavy clouds, falling tree leaves, birds' litters on the array or shaded by buildings [24].…”