Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED), which include pacemakers (PM), implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), and cardiac resynchronization therapy with a PM or defibrillator (CRTP/ CRTD), constitute major therapeutic options for brady-and tachyarrhythmia [1,2]. The rate of CIED implantation has been increasing worldwide in response to the general ageing of the population, as well as an expansion of indications for CIED implantation [3][4][5]. With this increasing rate of CIED implantation, the incidence of CIED infection has also been rising [4][5][6][7]; these infections have high mortality rates [8], increase the health-related financial burden [4,6,9], and require additional invasive therapies such as percutaneous lead extraction [10,11]. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the etiology of CIED infections. Hence, most studies reporting on the long-term