Genetic History and General Comparisons of Two Albino Mutations of Helianthus annuus

Wallace, R. H.; Habermann, Helen M.

doi:10.2307/2439272

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…The LY with very little chlorophyll has only a trace of /3-carotene but has measurable amounts of the other carotenoids. These data corroborate the ideas of Blaauw-Jansen et al (7) and the findings of Wallace and Habermann (29) in which chlorophyll content is related to ,3-carotene content and not total carotenoid content.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Chloroplast Composition and Structure Differences in a Soybean Mutant

et al. 1970

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A nuclear nmtutationl of Glycine nmax (soybean) segregates 1:2:1 in regard to chlorophyll conitent. The heterozygous (LG) leaf blade contains about onie-half the pigment content of the wild type (DG) other chlorophyll-depleted mutants, have limited or no lamellar stacking into grana. Weber and Weiss (30) described a soybean nuclear mutation in which seeds collected from heterozygous plants segregate 1:2:1 in regard to chlorophyll content. The heterozygous plants are a light green (LG) and the homozygous plants are either normal dark green (DG) or a lethal yellow (LY). The yellow plants do not mature under normal physiological conditions but die when the colyledonary food reserves are depleted (about 9-14 days after germination).Wolf (32) reported the pigment content of the aerial portions of these seedling types growing under 500 ft-c of fluorescent lighting at 24 C. The LG contained approximately one-half the pigment content of the DG, and the LY contained about 20 ( of the DG pigments. The rate of CO2 fixed per leaf area of the LG was not significantly different from that of the DG while that of the LY was reduced. Carbon dioxide fixation rates in the three types, however, were light-saturated at the same intensity, unlike the above mentioned mutants.Sun (27) reported reduced plastid size, limited grana stacking, and ultrastructural abnormalities in the later stages of LY plastid development.This soybean mutation is unusual in the 1:2:1 segregation of the phenotypes and because the heterozygotes light-saturate at the same intensity as the normally pigmented plant.This communication describes some pigment and nonpigment compositional differences and structural differences among the three phenotypes. A companion paper presents results of our studies concerning the comparative rates of electron and proton transport and photophosphorylation. METHODS AND MATERIALSMutations altering photosynthesis are found in many algae and higher plants (18). These mutations may be nuclear or nonnuclear and have been shown to affect pigments, electron transport chain components, and carbon cycle enzymes and structure (20).The majority of algal and higher plant mutants which are depleted in chlorophyll content are lethal or grow very slowly (18). Several mutants have been described which at high light intensities photosynthesize at rates comparable to the wild type (8,15,16,25 Insoluble residue was removed on a sintered glass filter, and extraction was continued with additional small portions of the same solvent mixture until the residue was free of chlorophyll. Chloroform was used as the final extractant in the amount necessary to bring the combined extracts to a 1 :1 (v/v) chloroform-methanol composition; 0.8 volume of cold water was then added to give a two-phase mixture. The upper (aqueous) layer was separated, washed with chloroform, and discarded. The combined chloroform-rich solutions were evaporated under nitrogen at room temperature or below and the residual lipid was taken up in chloroform-methanol (9:1, v/v) to...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Chloroplast Composition and Structure Differences in a Soybean Mutant

et al. 1970

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“…Two mutants of Helianthus annuus, the yellow xantha and the white albina (22), unlike albino materials previously examined, do exhibit light-dependent increases in transpiration rates and opening of stomates. In the dark, their transpiration rates decrease and stomates close.…”

mentioning

confidence: 62%

“…The xantha and albina mutants of Helianthus annuus were propagated by grafting seedlings onto wild-type stocks according to procedures previously described (6,22 (4), while the xantha more nearly approximates the wild type in leaf development (22). When transpiration rates are expressed as weight loss per cm2 leaf area, the albina has the highest rate of transpiration in both the light and dark with a smaller difference in rate between light and dark than exhibited by the xantha and wild type.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Two Photoreactions and Possible Involvement of Phytochrome in Light-dependent Stomatal Opening

Habermann

1973

Plant Physiol.

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Leaves of the xantha mutant of Helianthus annuus have a higher rate of transpiration and a lower diffusive resistance in the light than in the dark. Stomates of this nonphotosynthetic mutant open in the light and close in the dark.Comparative studies of tobacco, xantha mutant, and wildtype sunflower stomatal opening over a range of light intensities in isolated portions of the spectrum reveal two patterns of response: (a) a low intensity opening in the green and far red characterized by partial opening, absence of a threshold, and saturation of the response at low light intensities; (b) a high intensity response in the blue characterized by a threshold (intensities greater than 100 microwatts per square centimeter needed for opening) and a linear opening response at higher incident light intensities. In xantha mutant stomates only the low intensity system appears to be operational, while both low and high intensity systems are present in the wild-type sunflower and tobacco.Red light has an inhibiting effect on stomatal opening in both mutant and wild-type sunflowers. They require prior exposure to far red for opening to occur in red light. This redfar red antagonism suggests the involvement of phytochrome.The stomatal apparatus controls not only transpirational water loss but also the exchange of gases between the interior and exterior of leaves. Stomatal opening or closing is a consequence of turgor changes in the guard cells that are influenced by a number of environmental factors including CO2 and 02 tension, water supply, temperature, and light. Of these controlling factors, the influence of light is perhaps the least understood.

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“…The low level of protein synthesis during the lag period might limit the synthesis of a factor(s) essential for the development of both cell and chloroplast constituents. Nuclear mutants have been described which show a classical Mendelian inheritance of aldolase (2), phosphoribulokinase (19), NADP-linked glyceraldehyde-P dehydrogenase (7) and which contain specific blocks in the synthesis of chlorophyll (4,12,15,24), carotenoids (1,13,18,28), photosynthetic electron transport proteins (19)(20)(21), and grana (5,27). Goodenough and Levine (11) have described a nuclear mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardi which affects the synthesis of 70S ribosomes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nuclear Gene Affecting Greening in Virescent Peanut Leaves

Benedict

Ketring

1972

Plant Physiol.

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Chlorophyll synthesis induced by continuous illumination of dark-grown seedlings has been followed in wild-type and virescent peanut leaves. Compared to the wild-type leaves, chlorophyll synthesis in the virescent leaves shows a 72-hour lag period before the onset of a phase of rapid chlorophyll accumulation. The development of chloroplast grana and the ac- uracil-2-"C into the leaves were determined following exposure of the seedlings to 24 hr of illumination. The majority of all of the experiments reported were repeated at least six times.

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Genetic History and General Comparisons of Two Albino Mutations of Helianthus annuus

Cited by 16 publications

References 7 publications

Chloroplast Composition and Structure Differences in a Soybean Mutant

Chloroplast Composition and Structure Differences in a Soybean Mutant

Evidence for Two Photoreactions and Possible Involvement of Phytochrome in Light-dependent Stomatal Opening

Nuclear Gene Affecting Greening in Virescent Peanut Leaves

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