Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from ruminants: A systematic review

Sharif, Mehdi; Amouei, Afsaneh; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Mizani, Azadeh; Aarabi, Mohsen; Hosseini, Seyed Abdollah; Daryani, Ahmad

doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.07.007

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…In addition, genotyping results from all around the world revealed that the genetic diversity of T. gondii was low in the European countries. In contrast, the North and South American countries had a high genetic diversity as previously described by Sharif et al () in ruminants. The clonal Types III and I with the prevalence rates of 8.8% (58 out of 662) and 2.9% (19 out of 662), respectively, were less frequent (Table ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…The comparison of the identified genotypes of isolates between ruminants and felines revealed that genotypes ToxoDB#13, #14, #18, #20, #24, #28, #38, #40, #61, #62, #67, #89, #101, #128, #130, #146, #164 or #182, #166, #205, #216, #222, #225, #235 and #Type I variant were specific genotypes in felids (Sharif et al, ). The assessment of the recognized genotypes of isolates between domestic and sylvatic cycles from Felidae family showed obvious differences; nonetheless, genotypes ToxoDB#2, #3, #5 and #20 were found in both groups of felines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes and feline: Geographical distribution trends

Amouei

Sarvi

Sharif

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is well known for its ability to virtually infect all warm‐blooded vertebrates. Although felines as the definitive hosts have an important role in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis, there are few descriptions of genetic diversity in the world. The present review study aimed to describe the population structure of T. gondii in these animal species. For the purpose of the study, five English language databases reporting data on T. gondii genotyping in cats were searched within March‐June 2019. This study is registered on the site of CAMARADES‐NC3Rs (15‐Jan‐2018). The searching process resulted in the inclusion of 50 reports published from 1992 to June 2019. The data revealed that 47,390 samples were genotyped into 662 T. gondii DNA/isolates. Globally, atypical genotypes were predominant (47.7%, n = 316); in addition, Type II clonal strains were the second most common genotype (37%, n = 244). These results suggested an epidemic population structure in America and Asia, and a clonal population structure in Europe and Africa. Genotype #3 was found to be dominant in Africa, Europe and Oceania continents. Furthermore, genotypes #9 and #5 were prevalent in Asia and America, respectively. Additionally, genotypes #2, #3, #5 and #20 were common genotypes in domestic and sylvatic cycles from family Felidae. Collectively, this systematic review indicated a large degree of genetic diversity and circulation of mouse‐virulent T. gondii strains in this family. However, further studies are necessary to better understand the population structure of T. gondii in these animal species and determine the significance of their features.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes and feline: Geographical distribution trends

Amouei

Sarvi

Sharif

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…commercial meat products) [21,40,45,46] or causing abortion [47,48]. Until recently, most T. gondii clonal types had been recognized as infecting livestock, pets and wild animals in Europe [43,49], but this might be biased due to the use of only SAG2 genetic markers or a few of them for typing assays; currently, more comprehensive studies in terms of the sample size, number of molecular markers, and interactions between livestock and wildlife species have revealed an unexpectedly higher presence of polymorphic strains [50,51], similar to direct genotyping from clinical samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Spanish sheep flocks

et al. 2020

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Background Toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of abortion in small ruminants and presents a zoonotic risk when undercooked meat containing cysts is consumed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity among the T. gondii strains circulating in ovine livestock in Spain. Methods Selected samples collected from abortion outbreaks due to toxoplasmosis (n = 31) and from chronically infected adult sheep at slaughterhouses (n = 50) in different Spanish regions were bioassayed in mice, aiming at parasite isolation. In addition, all original clinical samples and the resulting isolates were genotyped by multi-nested PCR-RFLP analysis of 11 molecular markers and by PCR-DNA sequencing of portions of the SAG3, GRA6 and GRA7 genes. Results As a result, 30 isolates were obtained from 9 Spanish regions: 10 isolates from abortion-derived samples and 20 isolates from adult myocardial tissues. Overall, 3 genotypes were found: ToxoDB#3 (type II PRU variant) in 90% (27/30) of isolates, ToxoDB#2 (clonal type III) in 6.7% (2/30), and ToxoDB#1 (clonal type II) in 3.3% (1/30). When T. gondii-positive tissue samples (n = 151) were directly subjected to RFLP genotyping, complete restriction profiles were obtained for 33% of samples, and up to 98% of the specimens belonged to the type II PRU variant. A foetal brain showed a clonal type II pattern, and four specimens showed unexpected type I alleles at the SAG3 marker, including two foetal brains that showed I + II alleles as co-infection events. Amplicons of SAG3, GRA6 and GRA7 obtained from isolates and clinical samples were subjected to sequencing, allowing us to confirm RFLP results and to detect different single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusions The present study informed the existence of a predominant type II PRU variant genotype (ToxoDB#3) infecting domestic sheep in Spain, in both abortion cases and chronic infections in adults, coexisting with other clonal (ToxoDB#1 and ToxoDB#2), much less frequent genotypes, as well as polymorphic strains as revealed by clinical sample genotyping. The use of multilocus sequence typing aided in accurately estimating T. gondii intragenotype diversity.

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“…The average prevalence of Entamoeba contamination is calculated as 3.5% (199/5647; 95% CI: 3.0-4.0%). Entamoeba histolytica, E. dispar and E. coli were the most commonly detected species among [55,56]. Among the three principal routes of toxoplasmosis transmission, consumption of unwashed vegetables and fruits contaminated with cat feces is an important one that sometimes may lead to food-borne outbreaks [57].…”

Section: Entamoeba Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to a new nomenclature system, T. gondii genotypes are classified as Type I, Type II or Type III. Other atypical or exotic genotypes include Chinese 1, Type Br I, Type Br II, Type Br III, Type IV and Type 12 [ 55 , 56 ]. Among the three principal routes of toxoplasmosis transmission, consumption of unwashed vegetables and fruits contaminated with cat feces is an important one that sometimes may lead to food-borne outbreaks [ 57 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review

Wang

Karim

et al. 2020

Parasites Vectors

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Diarrheal diseases caused by intestinal protozoan parasites are a major food-borne public health problem across the world. Vegetables and fruits provide important nutrients and minerals, but are also common sources of some foodborne human pathogenic microorganisms. The contamination of raw vegetables and fruits with human pathogenic parasites are now a global public health threat, despite the health benefits of these foods in non-pharmacological prophylaxes against diseases. A large number of reports have documented the contamination of vegetables or fruits with human pathogenic microorganisms. In this paper, we reviewed the contamination and detection methods of human pathogenic intestinal protozoans that are frequently recovered from raw vegetables and fruits. The protozoan parasites include Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Entamoeba spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Balantioides coli, Blastocystis sp., Cystoisospora belli and Enterocytozoon bieneusi. The risk factors involved in the contamination of vegetables and fruits with parasites are also assessed.

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Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from ruminants: A systematic review

Cited by 26 publications

References 57 publications

A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes and feline: Geographical distribution trends

A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes and feline: Geographical distribution trends

Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Spanish sheep flocks

Detection of human intestinal protozoan parasites in vegetables and fruits: a review

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