A systematic review of
            <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>
            genotypes and feline: Geographical distribution trends

Amouei, Afsaneh; Sarvi, Shahabeddin; Sharif, Mehdi; Aghayan, Sargis A.; Javidnia, Javad; Mizani, Azadeh; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Shams, Nemat; Hosseini, Seyed Abdollah; Hosseininejad, Zahra; Nayeri, Tooran; Badali, Hamid; Daryani, Ahmad

doi:10.1111/tbed.13340

Cited by 27 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Therefore further studies, especially in all geographical areas, would provide more accurate and different results on the existence and frequency of genotypes circulating in rodents around the world. All isolates from Europe belonged to Type II, indicated low diversity of parasite in the continent, as confirmed by our previous systematic reviews and other studies (Ajzenberg et al., 2002; Amouei et al., 2020; Dardé et al., 1992; Dubey et al., 2007; Lehmann et al., 2006; Sharif et al., 2017; Su et al., 2010). Type II, like Type III, was also found in Africa, North and South America, but not in Asia.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Comparison of the current study data with our previous systematic reviews reveals that common genotypes between rodents, felids and ruminants are ToxoDB #1, #2, #3, #4, #9 and #10, while specific genotypes circulating in rodents are ToxoDB #21, #33, #34, #41, #48, #53, #78, #137, #148, #162, #163, #165, #173, #175, #240, #260 and #291 (Amouei et al., 2020; Sharif et al., 2017).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…There is controversy over the origin of T. gondii , among some researchers attributing its origin to South America and others to Europe, but worth considering is the hypothesis on transfer of strains between different regions and continents by several routes (Amouei et al., 2020; Bertranpetit et al., 2017; Khan et al., 2007; Lehmann et al., 2006; Shwab et al., 2014). The global geographical distribution of a number of strains, such as clonal lineages, and also the observation of specific genotypes from one region in another, support this hypothesis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from rodents in the world: A systematic review

Galeh

Sarvi

Hosseini

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Toxoplasmosis is one of the most frequent food‐borne infections in humans caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. Rodents, as intermediate and reservoir hosts, play key role in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis; because they are the main source of infection for the Felidae family members and establish the parasite life cycle. Hence, the infectious isolates of T. gondii in rodents may be the main genotypes infecting the environment, humans and animals. Our review aimed to present the population structure of T. gondii in these mammals. To access the relevant studies, six English language databases were systematically searched from 1990 to 2019. Finally, 3,395 samples of rodents were analysed for the genotyping data and 118 isolates were separated from the samples. The results of the present study showed that atypical genotypes were dominant with a frequency of 65.2% of the total isolates (77 out of 118). Clonal Types II, III and I had less frequency, respectively. Type I clonal isolates were identified only from Asia. The examination of genotypes circulating in rodents around the world revealed that ToxoDB #1 or #3 (Type II) were the most common, followed by ToxoDB #9 and #2, respectively. Overall, our data showed low genetic diversity of T. gondii with circulating clonal strains in rodents compare to the isolates from Europe, North America and Africa, while non‐clonal parasites with high genetic diversity were dominant in South America and Asia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from rodents in the world: A systematic review

Galeh

Sarvi

Hosseini

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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“…A T. gondii infection was also confirmed and fully characterized by means of TEM, IHC, and PCR in the present study. Multilocus RFLP PCR genotyping of the T. gondii strain infecting SD2 retrieved a type II PRU variant genotype (ToxoDB#3), which is common in felids, livestock, and wildlife around Europe [ 41 , 42 ]. To date, type II genotypes account for the totality of toxoplasmosis reports in Mediterranean cetaceans [ 43 , 44 , 45 ] (reviewed in Table 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for Unknown Sarcocystis-Like Infection in Stranded Striped Dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Ligurian Sea, Italy

Giorda

Romani-Cremaschi

Marsh

et al. 2021

Animals

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Two striped dolphins (SD1, SD2), stranded along the Ligurian coast of Italy, were diagnosed with a nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis associated with previously undescribed protozoan tissue cysts. As tissue cysts were morphologically different from those of Toxoplasma gondii, additional histopathological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and biomolecular investigations were performed, aiming to fully characterize the organism. Histopathology revealed the presence of large Sarcocystis-like tissue cysts, associated with limited inflammatory lesions in all CNS areas studied. IHC was inconclusive, as positive staining with polyclonal antisera did not preclude cross-reaction with other Sarcocystidae coccidia. Applied to each animal, 11 different PCR protocols precluded a neural infection by Sarcocystis neurona, Sarcocystis falcatula, Hammondia hammondi, and Neospora caninum. T. gondii coinfection was confirmed only in dolphin SD2. Sarcocystis sp. sequences, showing the highest homology to species infecting the Bovidae family, were amplified from SD1 myocardium and SD2 skeletal muscle. The present study represents the first report of Sarcocystis-like tissue cysts in the brain of stranded cetaceans along with the first description of Sarcocystis sp. infection in muscle tissue of dolphins from the Mediterranean basin.

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“…Although toxoplasmosis is mostly asymptomatic in humans, it is fatal in immunocompromised people and pregnant women, who may experience birth defects or miscarriage due to infection [ 2 , 3 ]. Toxoplasmosis can occur in all warm-blooded animals, and the feces of the infected cats are a prominent source of transmission [ 4 , 5 ]. Moreover, dogs have recently been identified as positive carrier of T. gondii via antigen and antibody tests, and mechanical transmission through dogs has therefore emerged as a growing concern [ 6 – 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence and B1 gene Phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii of Dogs and Cats in Republic of Korea

et al. 2020

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The outbreak of human toxoplasmosis can be attributed to ingestion of food contaminated with Toxoplasma gondii. Toxoplasmosis recently increased in domestic and stray dogs and cats. It prompted studies on the zoonotic infectious diseases transmitted via these animals. Sero- and antigen prevalences of T. gondii in dogs and cats were surveyed using ELISA and PCR, and B1 gene phylogeny was analyzed in this study. Toxoplasmosis antibodies were measured on sera of 403 stray cats, 947 stray dogs, 909 domestic cats, and 2,412 domestic dogs collected at nationwide regions, Korea from 2017 to 2019. In addition, whole blood, feces, and tissue samples were also collected from stray cats (1,392), stray dogs (686), domestic cats (3,040), and domestic dogs (1,974), and T. gondii-specific B1 gene PCR was performed. Antibody prevalence of stray cats, stray dogs, domestic cats, and domestic dogs were 14.1%, 5.6%, 2.3%, and 0.04%, respectively. Antigen prevalence of these animals was 0.5%, 0.2%, 0.1%, and 0.4%, respectively. Stray cats revealed the highest infection rate of toxoplasmosis, followed by stray dogs, domestic cats, and domestic dogs. B1 gene positives were 5 of stray cats, and identified to high/moderate pathogenic Type I/III group. These findings enforce that preventive hygienic measure should be strengthened at One Health level in dogs and cats, domestic and stray, to minimize human toxoplasmosis infections.

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A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes and feline: Geographical distribution trends

Cited by 27 publications

References 79 publications

Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from rodents in the world: A systematic review

Genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from rodents in the world: A systematic review

Evidence for Unknown Sarcocystis-Like Infection in Stranded Striped Dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Ligurian Sea, Italy

Seroprevalence and B1 gene Phylogeny of Toxoplasma gondii of Dogs and Cats in Republic of Korea

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