Genetic Diversity of South African Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] Landraces Revealed by Simple Sequence Repeat Markers

Abstract

<jats:p>Bottle gourd [<jats:italic>Lagenaria siceraria</jats:italic> (Molina) Standl.] landraces are widely grown in South Africa, and genetic diversity analysis is necessary to identify promising genotypes for breeding or systematic conservation. Sixty-seven diverse bottle gourd landraces were genotyped using 14 selected simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The number of alleles detected per marker ranged from 4 to 11, with a total of 86 putative alleles being amplified. Allele sizes ranged from 145 to 330 base pair (bp). Number of effective alleles (<jats:italic>N</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>e</jats:italic></jats:sub>) ranged from 1.58 to 6.14 with a mean of 3.10. Allelic richness varied from 3.00 to 8.90 with a mean of 5.23. Expected heterozygosity (<jats:italic>H</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>e</jats:italic></jats:sub>) values ranged from 0.37 to 0.84 with a mean of 0.65. The mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.57. Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity values ranged from 0.00 to 1.00, with a mean of 0.63. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that 79%, 17%, and 4% of the variation in bottle gourd landraces was attributable to among landraces, within landraces, and between populations, respectively. The study established the existence of considerable genetic diversity among South African bottle gourd landraces. Unique landraces such as BG-4, BG-6, BG-8, BG-9, and BG-15 from cluster I; BG-55, BG-42, BG-57, and BG-58 from cluster II; BG-28, BG-23, BG-29, and BG-34 from cluster III were selected based on their highest dissimilarity index. These could be useful for bottle gourd breeding and systematic conservation.</jats:p>

Mining of Simple Sequence Repeats Loci, Genetic Relationship And Population Structure of Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria Siceraria (Molina) Standl.) Accessions With Different Geographical Origin Using Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs) Markers

“…Based on population structure analysis, two genetically differentiated groups were identi ed; the rst including all the accessions originated from South Africa and the second group comprising of Asian and Chilean accessions. These results agree with previous studies conducted in bottle gourd, which reported that clustering of different landraces was independent of geographical location(Yetişir et al 2008;Sarao et al 2014;Gürcan et al 2015;Mashilo et al 2016b). Another explanation is that founder effect followed by arti cial selection based on fruit shape which tend to generate high genetic similarity(Xu et al 2011;Yildiz et al 2015).…”

“…2015; Mashilo et al 2016b;Ibrahim, 2021). In this study, the accessions of bottle gourd were collected from Chile, Japan (Philippines, South Korea), and South Africa.…”

“…Moreover, population differentiation indicated a higher variation within sample, a common characteristic of cross-pollinated plants which can reduce the loss of genetic diversity through large gene ow. As proposed byMashilo et al (2016b), this could be attributed to the high out-crossing nature of bottle gourd or longterm selection of the crop by farmers for diverse uses.Population structure and genetic relatedness are useful to understand genetic diversity, differentiate the population according to their geographical origin and conduct association mapping studies. Based on population structure analysis, two genetically differentiated groups were identi ed; the rst including all the accessions originated from South Africa and the second group comprising of Asian and Chilean accessions.…”

“…Another explanation is that founder effect followed by arti cial selection based on fruit shape which tend to generate high genetic similarity(Xu et al 2011;Yildiz et al 2015). In crop improvement programs, germplasm collection missions should be based on morphological variation rather than geographical origin(Mashilo et al 2016b). Heiser (1973) classi ed bottle gourd into two subspecies: Asian and American-African subspecies.…”

Molecular Characterization of Chinese Grape Landraces (Vitis L.) Using Microsatellite DNA Markers

“…DNA molecular marker technique showing polymorphism at the DNA level is a powerful tool for the characterization of germplasms (Queiroz et al, 2015), the identification of cultivars (Gross et al, 2012;Semagn et al, 2006), and the estimation of genetic diversity (Mashilo et al, 2016;Parveen et al, 2016;Urrestarazu et al, 2015). Among the various DNA-based molecular markers, simple sequence repeats (SSRs), with the advantages of codominance inheritance, a high degree of polymorphism, reproducibility, and simple operation (Sefc et al, 2001), have been widely used in genetic diversity analyses of grape cultivars and the identification of germplasms (Emanuelli et al, 2013;Guo et al, 2010;Marinoni et al, 2009;This et al, 2004;Villano et al, 2014).…”