Genetic diversity of
            <i>Echinococcus granulosus</i>
            sensu lato in China: Epidemiological studies and systematic review

Hua, Ruiqi; Du, Xiaodi; He, Xue; Gu, Xiaobin; Xie, Yue; He, Ran; Xu, Jing; Peng, Xuerong; Yang, Guangyou

doi:10.1111/tbed.14469

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…In line with ndings observed in various global studies (13,(23)(24)(25), the predominant occurrence of the G1 genotype in the SWI substantiates its prevalence in diverse intermediate hosts, except camels. The "sheep-canids" cycle is more common in this area than it is in other hosts, as evidenced by the presence of G1, particularly in isolates from sheep.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Phylogenetic study of cox1 gene in Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in southwestern Iran

Jamshidi,

Ghatee,

Haniloo

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a serious global health concern, with Iran being recognized to have a high prevalence of the disease. The substantial genetic diversity of this parasite is closely linked to its life cycle, mechanisms of transmission, and toxicity. This study aimed to explore the phylogenetic structure of the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s. l.) in southwest Iran (SWI). Seventy-two hydatid cyst samples were taken from a range of intermediate hosts, including naturally infected animals from adjacent slaughterhouses and patients at the SWI undergoing surgery. Samples were obtained from the liver, heart, lungs, and spleen. Following that, the cysts' protoscolices and germinal layers were extracted, triple-washed in normal saline, and kept at -20°C until needed. Sequence analysis revealed three genotypes of E. granulosus s. l. in the SWI: G1, G3, and genotypes like G6/G7. Twenty-one distinct haplotypes have been discovered. Even though it was discovered that some G1 and G6/G7 isolates had cox1 gene similarities over extensive geographic regions, these genotypes frequently revealed a diverse population worldwide. The G6/G7 genotype was found in the SWI, which connects it to the proliferation of the genotype among potential intermediate hosts like wild boar and camels and increases the chance of transmission from outside the region. The study's conclusions offer valuable information for further research and are useful to phylogenetic studies, CE control initiatives in Iran and abroad, and molecular epidemiology.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Phylogenetic study of cox1 gene in Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in southwestern Iran

Jamshidi,

Ghatee,

Haniloo

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…The intermediate host infection, produced after ingestion of contaminated food or water with parasite eggs, is where metacestodes develop as fluid-filled cysts in the lungs, liver, and other organs [ 3 ]. CE has a worldwide distribution, variable geographic incidence [ 4 ], clinical manifestation [ 5 ], and is of an economic and public health importance [ 6 , 7 ]. It is asymptomatic in animals and its diagnosis is performed at necropsy [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Designed Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Echinococcus granulosus Antigen in Camels for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis

et al. 2023

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Echinococcus spp. are important cosmopolitan zoonotic parasitic tapeworms that cause a disease called hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis (CE), which has remarkable economic losses. The objective of our study was to develop a specific IgG polyclonal antigen-based ELISA (Sandwich ELISA; capture ELISA) method for the detection of circulating Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) antigens in camels infected with hydatid cysts before slaughtering and its application in serodiagnosis of CE in animals to assess the positive rate of hydatidosis in camels slaughtered in Giza governorate abattoirs in Egypt. In this study, molecular identification of Echinococcus sp. isolate was performed based on the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1) gene, revealing the isolate (GenBank: OQ443068.1), which is identical to the G6 E. granulosus sensu lato genotype. The positive rate of hydatid cysts was determined in slaughtered camels’ organs (n = 587). The results revealed that hydatid cysts were found in 46.5% (273/587) of the examined camels. Pulmonary echinococcosis was significantly more prevalent in the slaughtered camels (60%, 164/273) than hepatic echinococcosis (39.9%, 109/273), (p = 0.001, Chi Square = 11.081). Cyst fertility rates were higher in hepatic (90.8%, 99/109) than in pulmonary cysts (83.5%, 137/164) and the most viable protoscoleces were recorded from fertile the hepatic cysts (67.85 ± 12.78). In this study, hydatid cyst germinal layer antigen (GlAg) was isolated and used for the immunization of rabbits to raise IgG polyclonal antibodies (anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG). These IgG polyclonal antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography using a protein A column, then labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Electrophoretic analysis of IgG polyclonal antibodies and crude GlAg was performed in 10% polyacrylamide gels. The SDS-PAGE revealed four bands at molecular weights of 77 kDa, 65 kDa, 55 kDa, and 25 kDa. The Sandwich ELISA was performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity and cross-reactivity of the prepared IgG polyclonal antibodies. The circulating hydatid antigen was found in 270 out of the 273 samples with hydatidosis, with a sensitivity of 98.9% (270/273), a specificity of 94.9% (296/312) and a diagnostic efficacy of 96.8%. Regarding the cross reactivity, anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG showed a low cross-reactivity with Fasciola gigantica infected camel sera (3/8), and Myiasis (Cephalopina titillator larvae; 3/20). No cross-reactivity was recorded with uninfected camel sera (negative sera for E. granulosus), and no cross-reactivity was found with antigens of Eimeria spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium sp., and Hyalomma dromedarii (ticks’ infestation). Then, Sandwich ELISA was conducted again to detect E. granulosus antigen in all the collected camel sera, which resulted in a 48.7% (286/587) positive rate of CE compared to 46.5% (273/587) using a postmortem inspection (PM diagnosis) (p = 0.5, Chi Square = 0.302). In conclusion, the Sandwich ELISA technique introduced in this study appears to be a sufficiently sensitive diagnostic assay for the detection of camels’ echinococcosis using anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG. In addition, it might offer a significant medical and veterinary importance in helping the early detection of hydatidosis, as well as its early treatment.

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“…PSCs with a viability higher than 95% and identified as E . granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.; G1-G3) (which were responsible for over 97% of CE infections in China [ 3 ]) were considered for the challenge process.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PSC viability and molecular genotyping was assessed using methods as described in our previous studies [27]. PSCs with a viability higher than 95% and identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.; G1-G3) (which were responsible for over 97% of CE infections in China [3]) were considered for the challenge process.…”

Section: Animals and Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…eggs [ 1 ]. CE poses a significant public health concern given its substantial morbidity in livestock and humans worldwide, most notably in remote areas that lack adequate hygiene and infrastructure [ 2 , 3 ]. Recent estimates indicate that the worldwide prevalence of CE constitutes a considerable burden, with an annual new incidence of approximately 188,000 cases, thereby contributing to 1,097,000 disability-adjusted life years [ 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus in dogs

Shao,

Hua,

Song

et al. 2023

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is caused by the infection of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (E. granulosus s.l.), one of the most harmful zoonotic helminths worldwide. Infected dogs are the major source of CE transmission. While praziquantel-based deworming is a main measure employed to control dog infections, its efficacy is at times compromised by the persistent high rate of dog re-infection and the copious discharge of E. granulosus eggs into the environment. Therefore, the dog vaccine is a welcome development, as it offers a substantial reduction in the biomass of E. granulosus. This study aimed to use previous insights into E. granulosus functional genes to further assess the protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins in dogs using a two-time injection vaccination strategy. Methods We expressed and combined recombinant E. granulosus triosephosphate isomerase (rEgTIM) with annexin B3 (rEgANXB3), adenylate kinase 1 (rEgADK1) with Echinococcus protoscolex calcium binding protein 1 (rEgEPC1), and fatty acid-binding protein (rEgFABP) with paramyosin (rEgA31). Beagle dogs received two subcutaneous vaccinations mixed with Quil-A adjuvant, and subsequently orally challenged with protoscoleces two weeks after booster vaccination. All dogs were sacrificed for counting and measuring E. granulosus tapeworms at 28 days post-infection, and the level of serum IgG was detected by ELISA. Results Dogs vaccinated with rEgTIM&rEgANXB3, rEgADK1&rEgEPC1, and rEgFABP-EgA31 protein groups exhibited significant protectiveness, with a worm reduction rate of 71%, 57%, and 67%, respectively, compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Additionally, the vaccinated groups exhibited an inhibition of worm growth, as evidenced by a reduction in body length and width (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the level of IgG in the vaccinated dogs was significantly higher than that of the control dogs (P < 0.05). Conclusion These verified candidates may be promising vaccines for the prevention of E. granulosus infection in dogs following two injections. The rEgTIM&rEgANXB3 co-administrated vaccine underscored the potential for the highest protective efficacy and superior protection stability for controlling E. granulosus infections in dogs.

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Genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in China: Epidemiological studies and systematic review

Cited by 10 publications

References 91 publications

Phylogenetic study of cox1 gene in Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in southwestern Iran

Phylogenetic study of cox1 gene in Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes in southwestern Iran

A Novel Designed Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Echinococcus granulosus Antigen in Camels for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis

Protective efficacy of six recombinant proteins as vaccine candidates against Echinococcus granulosus in dogs

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