Genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese ginseng accessions using SSR markers

Abstract

This is an Open-Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.Abstract The need to preserve and use plant genetic resources is widely recognized, and the prospect of dwindling plant genetic diversity, coupled with increased demands on these resources, has made them a topic of global discussion. In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 73 ginseng accessions collected from six regions in China were analyzed using eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Major allele frequencies ranged between 0.380 .78, with a mean allele frequency value of 0.571. The number of alleles discovered ranged from 3 to 10 per accession, with a mean number of 7; 56 alleles were discovered in total. Gene diversity (GD) and polymorphic information content (PIC) values were similar to each other, and they ranged from 0.36 0.77 (mean 0.588) and 0.33~0.74 (mean 0.548), respectively. Accessions were divided into three clusters based on their phylogenetic relationships and genetic similarities, and although the populations were similar, they were not classified according to the region. Regional genetic diversity was also similar, with slight differences observed based on the number of accessions per region. It is expected that the findings of the present study can provide basic data for future studies on ginseng genetic diversity and for breeding ginseng cultivars.

Molecular Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Ginseng Germplasm in RDA-Genebank: Implications for Breeding and Conservation

“…The results of this study provided molecular evidence for the narrow genetic base of 1109 ginseng germplasm in NAC. It was not enough to understand the genetic diversity of ginseng germplasm because there was a lack of sufficient information about these collected ginseng accessions, although the aim of the present study was to analyze genetic diversity in larger ginseng accessions than those from previous studies [7,20,52], In Korea, the majority of new ginseng cultivars are developed by selecting individual plants from ginseng landraces, although some research institutes have performed development and selection of breeding lines. To have a broad understanding and efficient use of ginseng germplasm, it is necessary to analyze functional factors and evaluate their morphological traits.…”

“…To analyze population structure, various methods such as STRUCTURE and principal coordinates analysis have been used for ginseng germplasm [19,20,58]. In this study, STRUCTURE and DAPC used to analyze the population structure of 1109 ginseng accessions appeared to provide complementary information.…”

“…Genetic diversity of germplasm can be investigated using various techniques, including analysis of morphological and agricultural traits [13], isozymes [14], biochemical characteristics [15], and molecular markers [14][15][16]. In recent years, the development of various chemical and molecular techniques for differentiation among P. ginseng samples has received attention [10,[17][18][19][20]. Gepts has reported that DNA markers are the most reliable ones for distinguishing variations of alleles because these markers are not influenced by environmental or physiological factors [21].…”

“…Using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers, genetic diversity and genetic structure of P. ginseng have been analyzed [25][26][27]. Among various molecular markers, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been successfully used to described population genetic diversity because they showed codominance and high polymorphism [7,10,20,28,29].…”

Genetic and molecular dissection of ginseng (Panax ginseng Mey.) germplasm using high-density genic SNP markers, secondary metabolites, and gene expressions

“…Several types of DNA markers have been used to decipher the molecular diversity and population structure of a species using a representative selection of its germplasm lines. These DNA markers include randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) (Wang et al, 2016), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) (An et al, 2017;Lee et al, 2020a;Lee et al, 2020b), and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated by GBS (genotyping-by-sequencing) with ddRAD-seq (double-digested restriction site-associated DNA sequencing) (Song et al, 2021), whole-genome resequencing (Fang et al, 2017;Ma et al, 2018), or RNA-seq (RNA sequencing) (Liang and Schnable, 2016;Jehl et al, 2021;Thorstensen et al, 2021). In ginseng, Wang et al (2016) analyzed its genetic diversity and population structure with 44 samples collected from Heilongjiang, Liaoning, and Jilin Provinces of China as well as the People's Republic of Korea using 41 RAPD markers.…”