Genetic diversity and population structure of bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae (Pisces, Prochilodontidae) in the Magdalena River basin and its tributaries, Colombia
Abstract:Prochilodus magdalenae is an endemic freshwater fish that occurs in the Magdalena, Sinú and Atrato hydrographic basins. It has an important economic role and is a food resource for the artisanal fishing communities. Its socioeconomic importance contrasts with the current status of its fisheries, where stocks are being depleted. Considering its importance and lack of information on its genetic structure, we used seven microsatellite markers to assess the genetic structure of wild populations of P. magdalenae. T… Show more
“…The same pattern was obtained for other species of this genus in the Magdalenae River for P. magdalenae (H E = 0.877)(Berdugo and Barandica 2014) and in the São Francisco River for P. argenteus (H E = 0.605-0.785)(Barbosa et al 2006;Hatanaka et al 2006;Barbosa et al 2008;Sanches et al 2012) and P. costatus (0.448-0.660) (Carvalho-Costa et al…”
supporting
confidence: 72%
“…In addition, large effective population sizes also increase the rate of allelic Rev Fish Biol Fisheries recombination (Agostinho et al 2003;Ferreira et al 2015). Prochilodus lineatus samples analyzed in this study showed high genetic diversity levels comparable to other migratory freshwater fish (Matsumoto and Hilsdorf 2009;Santos et al 2007;Berdugo and Barandica 2014). Microsatellite analysis suggested relatively high levels of genetic diversity (H E = 0.803-0.874 and N A = 11.42-20.42 alleles per locus), higher than the average estimated for freshwater fish (H E = 0.54 and N A = 9.1 alleles per locus) (Dewoody and Avise 2000), and similar to those previously reported for other Neotropical migratory fish species (Calcagnotto et al 2001;Barroso et al 2003Barroso et al , 2005Morelli et al 2007;Matsumoto and Hilsdorf 2009).…”
Section: Genetic Diversity and Demographic Analysismentioning
confidence: 69%
“…Migratory fish populations, including several species of Neotropical freshwater fish, have been reported to exhibit high levels of genetic diversity (Matsumoto and Hilsdorf 2009;Santos et al 2007;Rueda et al 2011;Berdugo and Barandica 2014). The migratory movements of these species enable large populations to be maintained (high effective population sizes), minimizing the loss of genetic diversity through genetic drift ).…”
Section: Genetic Diversity and Demographic Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, the results obtained could have influences from the high migration capacity of P. lineatus and the connectivity maintained by fish passages. In different river basins, low levels of population genetic differentiation have been reported for other species that, like P. lineatus, also exhibit high migration capabilities ([1000 km) Lopes et al 2007;Santos et al 2007;Ribolli et al 2012;Berdugo and Barandica 2014). Migratory movements help maintain high gene flow, which in turn results in less pronounced population structure (Freeland 2005;Adamson et al 2012).…”
Section: Genetic Structure and Gene Flowmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Obviously, the presence of obstacles limiting or preventing gene flow can cause genetic differentiations, such as those obtained for P. lineatus (Garcez et al 2011) and P. costatus (Barroca et al 2012) populations separated by dams in Neotropical River basins. However, even where there are no obstacles, patterns contrasting to a panmixia scenario have been shown in Prochilodus species, including the coexistence of different reproductive units along the same river (Hatanaka and Galetti Jr. 2003;Hatanaka et al 2006;Berdugo and Barandica 2014) and temporal structuring among different stocks in the same drainage location (Rueda et al 2013;Braga-Silva and Galetti Jr. 2016). Studies also suggest that homing behaviors (breeding site fidelity) could explain patterns in population structuring observed for some species of this genus (Hatanaka and Galetti Jr. 2003;Hatanaka et al 2006;Sanches et al 2012).…”
Section: Genetic Structure and Gene Flowmentioning
Over the past few decades, South American Rivers, including the Paraná River system, have been intensely impacted by dam constructions. To mitigate adverse impacts, fish passages were incorporated into two large dams on the Paraná River (Itaipu and Porto Primavera) to reestablish longitudinal connectivity, which is very important for conserving populations of migratory fish species. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic diversity, population differentiation and gene flow, using microsatellites markers and mitochondrial haplotypes (D-loop), in populations of Prochilodus lineatus, a long distance migratory species commonly found in Paraná River basin drainages. Samples were obtained from six locations in the Upper and Middle Paraná River: Porto Primavera Reservoir, downstream of the Porto Primavera Reservoir, four tributaries of this reservoir (Pardo, Peixe, Verde and Aguapeí Rivers) and in the Iguaçu River, downstream of the Itaipu dam. High genetic diversity was observed in all samples, as expected for species with large population sizes and high migration rates. However, the influence of other factors, such as secondary contacts, fish passages and restocking were also suggested. In general, evidence of spatial population structuring was not found, even though there were two large dams in the study area. This could also be attributed to the brief period that has elapsed since the dams were built, the influence of migratory and reproductive patterns and the possible contributory effects of the fish passages. Furthermore, the absence of population structuring also corroborates existing information that emphasizes the importance of unimpeded tributaries for conserving migratory fish populations in fragmented watersheds.
“…The same pattern was obtained for other species of this genus in the Magdalenae River for P. magdalenae (H E = 0.877)(Berdugo and Barandica 2014) and in the São Francisco River for P. argenteus (H E = 0.605-0.785)(Barbosa et al 2006;Hatanaka et al 2006;Barbosa et al 2008;Sanches et al 2012) and P. costatus (0.448-0.660) (Carvalho-Costa et al…”
supporting
confidence: 72%
“…In addition, large effective population sizes also increase the rate of allelic Rev Fish Biol Fisheries recombination (Agostinho et al 2003;Ferreira et al 2015). Prochilodus lineatus samples analyzed in this study showed high genetic diversity levels comparable to other migratory freshwater fish (Matsumoto and Hilsdorf 2009;Santos et al 2007;Berdugo and Barandica 2014). Microsatellite analysis suggested relatively high levels of genetic diversity (H E = 0.803-0.874 and N A = 11.42-20.42 alleles per locus), higher than the average estimated for freshwater fish (H E = 0.54 and N A = 9.1 alleles per locus) (Dewoody and Avise 2000), and similar to those previously reported for other Neotropical migratory fish species (Calcagnotto et al 2001;Barroso et al 2003Barroso et al , 2005Morelli et al 2007;Matsumoto and Hilsdorf 2009).…”
Section: Genetic Diversity and Demographic Analysismentioning
confidence: 69%
“…Migratory fish populations, including several species of Neotropical freshwater fish, have been reported to exhibit high levels of genetic diversity (Matsumoto and Hilsdorf 2009;Santos et al 2007;Rueda et al 2011;Berdugo and Barandica 2014). The migratory movements of these species enable large populations to be maintained (high effective population sizes), minimizing the loss of genetic diversity through genetic drift ).…”
Section: Genetic Diversity and Demographic Analysismentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Thus, the results obtained could have influences from the high migration capacity of P. lineatus and the connectivity maintained by fish passages. In different river basins, low levels of population genetic differentiation have been reported for other species that, like P. lineatus, also exhibit high migration capabilities ([1000 km) Lopes et al 2007;Santos et al 2007;Ribolli et al 2012;Berdugo and Barandica 2014). Migratory movements help maintain high gene flow, which in turn results in less pronounced population structure (Freeland 2005;Adamson et al 2012).…”
Section: Genetic Structure and Gene Flowmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Obviously, the presence of obstacles limiting or preventing gene flow can cause genetic differentiations, such as those obtained for P. lineatus (Garcez et al 2011) and P. costatus (Barroca et al 2012) populations separated by dams in Neotropical River basins. However, even where there are no obstacles, patterns contrasting to a panmixia scenario have been shown in Prochilodus species, including the coexistence of different reproductive units along the same river (Hatanaka and Galetti Jr. 2003;Hatanaka et al 2006;Berdugo and Barandica 2014) and temporal structuring among different stocks in the same drainage location (Rueda et al 2013;Braga-Silva and Galetti Jr. 2016). Studies also suggest that homing behaviors (breeding site fidelity) could explain patterns in population structuring observed for some species of this genus (Hatanaka and Galetti Jr. 2003;Hatanaka et al 2006;Sanches et al 2012).…”
Section: Genetic Structure and Gene Flowmentioning
Over the past few decades, South American Rivers, including the Paraná River system, have been intensely impacted by dam constructions. To mitigate adverse impacts, fish passages were incorporated into two large dams on the Paraná River (Itaipu and Porto Primavera) to reestablish longitudinal connectivity, which is very important for conserving populations of migratory fish species. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic diversity, population differentiation and gene flow, using microsatellites markers and mitochondrial haplotypes (D-loop), in populations of Prochilodus lineatus, a long distance migratory species commonly found in Paraná River basin drainages. Samples were obtained from six locations in the Upper and Middle Paraná River: Porto Primavera Reservoir, downstream of the Porto Primavera Reservoir, four tributaries of this reservoir (Pardo, Peixe, Verde and Aguapeí Rivers) and in the Iguaçu River, downstream of the Itaipu dam. High genetic diversity was observed in all samples, as expected for species with large population sizes and high migration rates. However, the influence of other factors, such as secondary contacts, fish passages and restocking were also suggested. In general, evidence of spatial population structuring was not found, even though there were two large dams in the study area. This could also be attributed to the brief period that has elapsed since the dams were built, the influence of migratory and reproductive patterns and the possible contributory effects of the fish passages. Furthermore, the absence of population structuring also corroborates existing information that emphasizes the importance of unimpeded tributaries for conserving migratory fish populations in fragmented watersheds.
Two migratory and endangered freshwater fish species, Salminus franciscanus and Brycon orthotaenia, are endemic to one of the most important basins for hydropower capacity in South America. These two fish are target species of conservation aquaculture programmes along the São Francisco River system.
In order to implement effective strategies for the conservation of these species, microsatellite markers were developed and used to assess the genetic diversity and structure among wild groups. Fish were collected during the spawning season at four sampling sites, covering more than 1000 km.
Polymorphism loci were assessed, and a total of 133 and 107 alleles were found for S. franciscanus and B. orthotaenia, respectively. Despite the critical conservation status, B. orthotaenia showed high levels of genetic diversity, comparable with those of other closely related species.
Salminus franciscanus exhibited half of the genetic diversity of its sister species in terms of allelic diversity, indicating that this species will be more prone to genetic drift and inbreeding in conservation aquaculture programmes.
The results of an analysis of molecular variance for microsatellite markers in these species (FST = 0.007 for S. franciscanus and FST = 0.003 for B. orthotaenia) and the estimated recent migration rates (>40% among sampling sites) support panmixia in both species, despite the heterogeneities of the riverscape.
The results of this study and the microsatellites developed will play an important role in assisting agencies in making informed decisions on conservation aquaculture programmes.
Argopecten nucleus is a functional hermaphroditic pectinid species that exhibits self‐fertilization, whose natural populations have usually very low densities. In the present study, the genetic diversity of a wild population from Neguanje Bay, Santa Marta (Colombia), was estimated using microsatellite markers, and the effect of the presence of null alleles on this estimation was assessed. A total of 8 microsatellite markers were developed, the first described for this species, and their amplification conditions were standardized. They were used to determine the genotype of 48 wild individuals from Naguanje Bay, and 1,010 individuals derived from the offspring of 38 directed crosses. For each locus, the frequencies of the identified alleles, including null alleles, were estimated using the statistical package Micro‐Checker, and the parental genotypes were confirmed using segregation analysis. Three to 8 alleles per locus with frequencies from 0.001 to 0.632 were detected. The frequencies of null alleles ranged from 0.10 to 0.45, with Ho from 0.0 to 0.79, and He from 0.53 to 0.80. All loci were in H‐W disequilibrium. The null allele frequencies values were high, with lower estimations using segregation analysis than estimated using Micro‐Checker. The present results show high levels of population genetic diversity and indicate that null alleles were not the only cause of deviation from H‐W equilibrium in all loci, suggesting that the wild population under study presents signs of inbreeding and Wahlund effect.
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