Genetic determination of the vascular reactions in humans in response to the diving reflex

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic mechanisms of the defense vascular reactions in response to the diving reflex in humans with polymorphisms in the genes , and We hypothesized that protective vascular reactions, in response to the diving reflex, are genetically determined and are distinguished in humans with gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin and kinin-bradykinin system. A total of 80 subjects (19 ± 1.4 yr) participated in the study. The intensity of the vascular response was estimated using photoplethysmogram. The I/D polymorphism (rs4340) of was analyzed by PCR. (G/A, rs2368564), (A/C, rs5186), (T/C, rs1799722), and (A/G, rs1042713) polymorphisms were examined using the two-step multiplex PCR followed by carrying allele hybridization on the biochip. Subjects with the (C/C), (D/D), and (G/G, G/A) genotypes exhibited the strongest peripheral vasoconstriction in response to diving. In subjects with a combination of the (C/C) plus (D/D) genotypes, we observed the lowest pulse wave amplitude and pulse transit time values and the highest arterial blood pressure during face immersion compared with the heterozygous individuals, suggesting that these subjects are more susceptible to diving hypoxia. This study observed that humans with gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin and kinin-bradykinin systems demonstrate various expressions of protective vascular reactions in response to the diving reflex. The obtained results might be used in estimation of resistance to hypoxia of any origin in human beings or in a medical practice. Our study demonstrates that the vascular reactions in response to the diving reflex are genetically determined and depend on gene polymorphisms of the kinin-bradykinin and the renin-angiotensin systems.

Features of hemodynamics of pulmonary circulation during the diving reflex

“…An increase in the sympathetic noradrenergic effects on the alpha-1 receptors of muscle cells of peripheral vessels leads to a constriction of the vessels of the skin and organs of the gastrointestinal tract. Blood flow is redistributed to the lungs, heart, and brain (Heusser et al, 2009;Baranova et al, 2017).…”

Physiology, pathophysiology and (mal)adaptations to chronic apnoeic training: a state-of-the-art review

“…Although these disparities may be partly attributed to a training-induced effect (Joulia et al 2002 , 2003 ; Schagatay et al 2000 ), accumulating evidence suggests they may also stem from selective genetic variations (Baranova et al 2017 ; Ilardo et al 2018 ). Baranova et al ( 2017 ) observed that during a maximal apnoeic attempt, individuals with a combination of the C/C allele of the bradykinin receptor B2, D/D allele of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, and G/G polymorphism in the renin genes exhibited: (i) a more pronounced vasoconstriction, (ii) a lower blood supply to peripheral vessels, (iii) a lower pulse wave amplitude and (iv) lower pulse transit time values compared with heterozygous individuals. Conjointly, these genetic polymorphisms augment the release of angiotensin-II and suppress endothelial nitric oxide synthase through the degradation of bradykinin.…”

The Mammalian Diving Response: Inroads to Its Neural Control

“…As current technology refines and new technologies are born, new discoveries are forthcoming concerning the enigmatic mammalian DR. Indeed, genetic studies are now underway illustrating how diving mammals, including humans, have adapted to their anoxic underwater environments (Fabrizius et al, 2016;Baranova et al, 2017;Hoff et al, 2017;Ilardo et al, 2018;Zhou et al, 2018;Xu et al, 2019). Introduction of the DR in the mouse (Hult et al, 2019) provides opportunity for an entirely novel set of techniques for genetic manipulation of neurons.…”