Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from wild boar (Sus scrofa) in France

Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from Clinical Samples

“…On the other hand, isolates that do not belong to this type usually come from people who are infected with T. gondii out of Europe. In this group of patients type III was the second in abundance whereas type I was rare (Ajzenberg et al, 2009). In other studies carried out in immunosuppressed patients (patients with AIDS, lymphoma or patients with transplants), which mainly came from France, it was shown that type II isolates were also predominant, while types I and III were isolated rarely (Howe et al, 1997;Honore et al, 2000).…”

“…However, genotyping with a single marker does not allow identification of nonclonal strains, and to determine more precisely the presence of polymorphisms in the population, application of multilocus PCR-RFLP and microsatellite analysis of multiple markers is necessary (Ajzenberg et al, 2005;Su et al, 2006). Although in our experience the GRA6 gene was, due to a small amount of T. gondii DNA, the only amplified marker in a blood sample of a neonate suspected of congenital toxoplasmosis (Table 3), that clearly indicated the presence of type I, in our laboratory genotyping is regularly performed using SAG1, SAG2, GRA6 and GRA7 as markers (Miller et al, 2004;Dubey et al, 2007;Prestrud et al, 2008;Richomme et al, 2009;Aubert et al, 2010).…”

“…Although the possible association between clinical entities induced by T. gondii with specific T. gondii genotypes is yet unclear, it is likely that the resistance or susceptibility to a particular type, especially in immunosuppressed patients, is primarily dependent on individual factors (Ajzenberg et al, 2009). The greatest limitation in genotyping of isolates from clinical samples is the small number of parasites in original material; hence the amount of extracted T. gondii DNA is often also small.…”

The Life Cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in the Natural Environment

“…From 26 T. gondii positive extracts from red fox Vulpes vulpes from Belgium submitted to a genotyping analysis with 15 microsatellite markers [136], 25 were type II and only one type III [137]. Similarly, using six loci microsatellite analysis, only type II strains were observed in 46 French isolates including 21 from wild boar [138], 12 from roe deer, 9 from foxes, one from mouflon Ovis aries, red deer and mallard Anas platyrhynchos [139] and one from tawny owl Strix aluco [140]. Using the same molecular technique, Jokelainen et al [141] also identified the clonal type II in 15 DNA extracts from hare (Lepus sp.)…”

Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Identification of theToxoplasma gondiiTypes Involved

“…The mother showed a mixed infection involving T. gondii types I and III. In the only other study of T. gondii infection in wild boar, from France, a type II infection was detected, but no pathologic description was carried out (Richomme et al, 2009). Other authors have reported mixed infections in sheep (Berger-Schoch et al, 2011) and foxes (Herrmann et al, 2012).…”