Genetic characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 isolates from India: Indications for emergence of natural inter-genotypic recombinants

Anoopraj, R.; Rajkhowa, T.K.; Cherian, Susan; Arya, Rahul; Tomar, Neelam; Gupta, Ashish; Ray, Pradeep; Somvanshi, R.; Saikumar, G.

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2015.01.006

Cited by 24 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Porcine circovirus type 2 is the major cause of PCVAD and seriously restricts the healthy development of the pig industry worldwide (Anoopraj et al, ; Ramamoorthy, Opriessnig, Pal, Huang, & Meng, ). Porcine circovirus type 2 has been causing huge economic losses to the Chinese pig industry since it was first identified in 1999 (Guo et al, ; Lang et al, ; Wang et al, , ; Yang et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of PCV2 evolution, an extremely high nucleotide substitution rate (ranging from approximately 1.2 × 10 −3 to 6.6 × 10 −3 substitutions/site/year) and a high frequency of genetic recombination are important characteristics of PCV2 (Anoopraj et al, ; Firth, Charleston, Duffy, Shapiro, & Holmes, ; Franzo et al, ; Perez et al, ). Many reports have revealed that PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2d and PCV2e exist in China.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Emergence of a novel recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 in China: PCV2c and PCV2d recombinant

Wei

Lin

Dai

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been causing huge economic losses in Chinese swine herds since it was first identified in China in 1999. Genotypes of PCV2 except for PCV2c coexist in swine herds in China, which may facilitate virus recombination. In the current study, six novel PCV2 strains were detected in China, and these strains shared high nucleotide similarity of the Rep gene with the PCV2c strain DK1987PMWSfree and high homology of the Cap gene with PCV2d. Genome sequence analysis revealed that the complete genomes of these strains were 1767 nucleotides (nt) in length and shared 99.8%–99.9% nucleotide identity with each other and 91.7%–98.7% with representative strains. Phylogenetic analysis, sequencing analysis, base‐by‐base comparisons and comprehensive recombination analysis demonstrated that these six strains originated from recombination within the Rep gene between PCV2c and PCV2d strains. Surprisingly, further investigation through theoretical recombination analysis of Chinese PCV2 GenBank sequences showed that these novel patterns of recombinant PCV2 strains have been generated since 2010. Collectively, our findings provide additional evidence of inter‐genotypic recombination of PCV2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of a novel recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 in China: PCV2c and PCV2d recombinant

Wei

Lin

Dai

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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“…The molecular characterization of the PCV2 in Indian pig population suggested the presence of genotypes PCV2a‐2D, PCV2b‐1C, and PCV2d (Anoopraj et al., ; Karuppannan et al., ). In addition, circulation of recombinant PCV2 genotype has also been reported in the same study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emergence of porcine circovirus 2 infections in the Northeastern part of India: A retrospective study from 2011 to 2017

Barman

Nath

Kumar

et al. 2018

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Porcine circovirus (PCV) infection has emerged as an alarming threat to the pig population of India, especially in the Northeastern region (NER) over the last 10 years. The present study is a comprehensive report of the seroepidemiology of PCV2 and its incidences in the pig population from organized and unorganized farms of the entire NER of India from 2011 to 2017. A total of 5697 serum samples were screened by ELISA and the mean positivity of PCV2 antibodies in suspected sera was 31.27%. A total of 22 confirmed cases of PCV2 infection were recorded during the years 2014-2017. Seroprevalence of PCV2 infection in sows causing reproductive disorders in NER suggested its higher incidence in organized farms (65.7%) as compared to unorganized farms (17.6%). A detailed pathological and histopathological examination of the tissue samples collected from the affected animals indicated the presence of PCV2. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of four PCV2 isolates depicted the circulation of PCV2d genotype in the states of Meghalaya and Assam.

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“…Among them PCV2a and PCV2b are the most prevalent genotypes in the pig raising farms worldwide [8,9]. In the past less than one decade, more genetic variations and recombination associated with PCV2 have been reported worldwide [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. It is important that a 1766 nt PCV2 strain (YJ) with ORF2 of 708 nt has been first isolated from the clinically infected pig with PCVAD in china.…”

Section: Q2mentioning

confidence: 99%

A commercial PCV2a-based vaccine is effective in protection from experimental challenge of PCV2 mutant with two amino acids elongation in capsid protein

Guo

Huang

et al. 2015

Vaccine

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Current commercial PCV2 vaccines are almost based on PCV2a and have been shown to be effective in reducing PCV2a and PCV2b viremia and PCV2-associated lesions and diseases. The recent emergence of novel mutant PCV2 (mPCV2) strains and linkage of mPCV2 with cases of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) in pig herds have raised concerns over emergence of vaccine-escape mutants and reduced efficacy of PCV2a-based vaccines. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of a commercial PCV2a-based vaccine developed by our laboratory to protect conventional pigs against experimental challenge with mPCV2 at 9 weeks of age. Twenty 4-week-old pigs free of PCV2 infection were randomly divided into four treatment groups with 5 pigs each. Two groups were unvaccinated as positive and negative controls. Another two groups were vaccinated with the commercial PCV2a-based vaccine (PCV2-LG strain, China) at 4 weeks of age and identical booster immunization was conducted 3 weeks post primary immunization. At 9 weeks of age, all pigs except the negative control were challenged with a mutant PCV2b/YJ (mPCV2b/YJ) with two amino acids elongation in capsid protein. The experiment was terminated 28 days after challenge. Under the conditions of this study, vaccinated pigs were protected against PCV2 viremia and lesions whereas unvaccinated pigs were not. Moreover, mPCV2b/YJ infection was demonstrated in positive control and almost all had macroscopic or microscopic lesions consistent with PCVAD while negative control did not develop PCVAD. This study indicates that mPCV2b/YJ infection alone can trigger PCVAD development and that the commercial vaccine (PCV2-LG) is still effective in protecting conventional pigs against the emerging mPCV2b/YJ strain in China.

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Genetic characterisation and phylogenetic analysis of PCV2 isolates from India: Indications for emergence of natural inter-genotypic recombinants

Cited by 24 publications

References 35 publications

Emergence of a novel recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 in China: PCV2c and PCV2d recombinant

Emergence of a novel recombinant porcine circovirus type 2 in China: PCV2c and PCV2d recombinant

The emergence of porcine circovirus 2 infections in the Northeastern part of India: A retrospective study from 2011 to 2017

A commercial PCV2a-based vaccine is effective in protection from experimental challenge of PCV2 mutant with two amino acids elongation in capsid protein

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