Genetic and phenotypic overlap of specific obsessive-compulsive and attention-deficit/hyperactive subtypes with Tourette syndrome

Abstract

Symmetry/exactness, aggressive urges, fear-of-harm, and hoarding show complex genetic relationships with TS, OCD, and ADHD, and, rather than being specific subtypes of OCD, transcend traditional diagnostic boundaries, perhaps representing an underlying vulnerability (e.g. failure of top-down cognitive control) common to all three disorders.

Trichotillomania is more related to Tourette disorder than to obsessive-compulsive disorder

“…20 Studies also found that urges (sensory phenomena, aggressive urges, or ''just-right'' phenomena) were more often present in OCD + TS patients than in OCDonly patients. 19,27,28 These results (concerning symmetry compulsions and OCD-only vs. OCD + TS) are interesting when compared with the finding of Worbe et al that symmetry or ''just-right'' phenomena were more often considered tics than compulsions (the difference between tic and compulsion being the nature of the different repetitive behaviors, based on the absence or presence of anxiety, with tics being unrelated to anxiety). 9 Urges are found in TS patients, with a temporal relationship between tics and urges.…”

“…Articles have reported urges and sensory phenomena in OCD patients, [18][19][20][21][22][23] with a temporal relationship between these phenomena and the compulsions. [23][24][25] Urges are defined as being distinct phenomena: sensory phenomena, ''just-right'' sensations, or other phenomena, e.g., a need for the patient to release energy.…”

Disentangling Tourette syndrome heterogeneity through hierarchical ascendant clustering

“…3,4,[30][31][32][33][34] The largest clinical cohort so far included 1191 patients with Tourette syndrome. 35 Using latent class analysis, the authors in this study found a three-class model: few OCD/ ADHD symptoms; OCD and ADHD symptoms; and symmetry/exactness, hoarding, and ADHD symptoms. OCD and ADHD symptoms were found to have the highest psychiatry comorbidity rates, and ADHD was identified as an underlying vulnerability transcending diagnostic boundaries.…”

“…Factor analysis of tic symptomatology has gathered from 2 to 5 factors . The largest clinical cohort so far included 1191 patients with Tourette syndrome . Using latent class analysis, the authors in this study found a three‐class model: few OCD/ADHD symptoms; OCD and ADHD symptoms; and symmetry/exactness, hoarding, and ADHD symptoms.…”

Association of Rare Genetic Variants in Opioid Receptors with Tourette Syndrome

“…8–10 Main genes possibly involved in TS so far include NRXN1 , CNTN6 , CELSR3 , SLITRK1 , and HDC . 11–22 SLITRK1 encodes a transmembrane protein modulating neurite outgrowth belonging to a family comprising six paralogues ( SLITRK1 to SLITRK6 ) in mammals.…”