Genetic and pathogenic characterization of a Russian subtype 2 PRRSV-1 isolate

Yuzhakov, Anton G.; Raev, S.A.; Skrylev, Andrei N.; Mishin, Alexander M.; Гребенникова, Т В; Verkhovsky, О.A.; Забережный, А. Д.; Trus, Ivan; Nauwynck, Hans; Алипер, Т.И.

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.017

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…During the last two decades, several outbreaks caused by virulent Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-1 (PRRSV-1) strains have been reported along Europe, leading to high mortality, fever, acute respiratory clinical signs as well as severe damage in both lung and primary lymphoid organs [1][2][3][4][5][6]. Lung lesion can range from the typical interstitial pneumonia observed with low virulent strains to suppurative bronchopneumonia after infection with virulent strains, usually associated with secondary bacterial infection [3,5,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of regulated cell death in the lung of piglets infected with virulent PRRSV-1 Lena strain occurs earlier and mediated by cleaved Caspase-8

Sánchez‐Carvajal

Ruedas‐Torres

Carrasco

et al. 2021

Vet Res

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PRRSV-1 virulent strains cause high fever, marked respiratory disease and severe lesions in lung and lymphoid organs. Regulated cell death (RCD), such as apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, is triggered by the host to interrupt viral replication eliminating infected cells, however, although it seems to play a central role in the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV, there are significant gaps regarding their sequence and activation upon PRRSV-infection. The present study evaluated RCD events by means of caspases expression in the lung of PRRSV-1-infected pigs and their impact on pulmonary macrophage subpopulations and lung lesion. Conventional piglets were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6, 8 and 13 dpi. Lena-infected piglets showed severe and early lung damage with a high frequency of PRRSV-N-protein+ cells, depletion of CD163+ cells and high viral load in the lung. The number of TUNEL+ cells was significantly higher than cCasp3+ cells in Lena-infected piglets during the first week post-infection. cCasp8 and to a lesser extent cCasp9 were activated by both PRRSV-1 strains after one week post-infection together with a replenishment of both CD163+ and Arg-1+ pulmonary macrophages. These results highlight the induction of other forms of RCD beyond apoptosis, such as, necroptosis and pyroptosis during the first week post-infection followed by the activation of, mainly, extrinsic apoptosis during the second week post-infection. The recovery of CD163+ macrophages at the end of the study represents an attempt to restore pulmonary macrophage subpopulations lost during the early stages of the infection but also a macrophage polarisation into M2 macrophages.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activation of regulated cell death in the lung of piglets infected with virulent PRRSV-1 Lena strain occurs earlier and mediated by cleaved Caspase-8

Sánchez‐Carvajal

Ruedas‐Torres

Carrasco

et al. 2021

Vet Res

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“…Besides, this isolate has been classified as an isolate of high virulence based on the severity of the clinical signs and lesions recorded in a study carried out in 3-week-old pigs in the respiratory model of the disease ( 44 ). Virulence might be a relevant characteristic because it has been demonstrated that PRRSV-1 isolates of higher virulence replicate more efficiently in the host ( 45 , 46 ) and in a wider range of cellular types ( 47 , 48 ), and it can be speculated that this better in vivo replication might help to overcome any previously existing immunity, either humoral or cellular.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Ability of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates to Induce Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies Correlates With In Vivo Protection

et al. 2021

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Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is considered one of the most relevant diseases of swine. The condition is caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV), an extremely variable virus of the Arteriviridae family. Its heterogeneity can be responsible, at least partially, of the poor cross-protection observed between PRRSV isolates. Neutralizing antibodies (NAs), known to play a role in protection, usually poorly recognize heterologous PRRSV isolates, indicating that most NAs are strain-specific. However, some pigs develop broadly reactive NAs able to recognize a wide range of heterologous isolates. The aim of this study was to determine whether PRRSV isolates that induce broadly reactive NAs as determined in vitro are able to confer a better protection in vivo. For this purpose two in vivo experiments were performed. Initially, 40 pigs were immunized with a PRRSV-1 isolate known to induce broadly reactive NAs and 24 additional pigs were used as controls. On day 70 after immunization, the pigs were divided into eight groups composed by five immunized and three control pigs and exposed to one of the eight different heterologous PRRSV isolates used for the challenge. In the second experiment, the same experimental design was followed but the pigs were immunized with a PRRSV-1 isolate, which is known to generate mostly strain-specific NAs. Virological parameters, specifically viremia and the presence of challenge virus in tonsils, were used to determine protection. In the first experiment, sterilizing immunity was obtained in three groups, prevention of viremia was observed in two additional groups, although the challenge virus was detected occasionally in the tonsils of immunized pigs, and partial protection, understood as a reduction in the frequency of viremia compared with controls, was recorded in the remaining three groups. On the contrary, only partial protection was observed in all groups in the second experiment. The results obtained in this study confirm that PRRSV-1 isolates differ in their ability to induce cross-reactive NAs and, although other components of the immune response might have contributed to protection, pigs with cross-reactive NAs at the time of challenge exhibited better protection, indicating that broadly reactive NAs might play a role in protection against heterologous reinfections.

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“…Thus, the detection of a new member of PRRSV1-2 in the present study offers additional proof of the wide distribution of this genotype in Russia. Isolates of PRRSV1-1 (including the so-called Russian group of viruses), PRRSV1-2 , and PRRSV1-3 differ significantly in pathogenicity [ 11 , 12 , 19 , 20 ]. Marked differences in the nucleotide sequence between PRRSV1-2 isolates and PRRSV1 vaccine strains, which all belong to PRRSV1-1, including differences in the ORF5 sequence (which encodes a major epitope: the envelope glycoprotein), could potentially hamper vaccine efficacy [ 12 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Russia, PRRS is mainly caused by PRRSV1-1 (including the so-called atypical Russian group of viruses) and PRRSV1-2 [ 9 , 11 , 12 ]. Only limited data are available on PRRSV2 epidemiology in Russia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Shortly after PRRSV's discovery, both PRRSV1 and PRRSV2 were isolated beyond their original places of detection, namely Europe and North America, respectively. PRRSV1 strains are currently present in Europe, North America, and Asia, and PRRSV2 strains are predominant in North America Viruses 2020, 12, 1169 2 of 10 and Asia but commonly found in Europe. Since PRRSV2 was first isolated in Denmark in 1995; similar (vaccine-related) strains were detected in Europe on numerous occasions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Outbreak of a Respiratory Disorder at a Russian Swine Farm Associated with the Co-Circulation of PRRSV1 and PRRSV2

Raev

Yuzhakov

Bulgakov

et al. 2020

Viruses

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We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify the major respiratory pathogen responsible for an outbreak of respiratory disease at a swine farm in West Siberia in 2019. We discovered that the peak of morbidity and mortality coincided with a high level of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 and 2-related viremia. Based on longer PRRSV2 viremia, the dominant role of PRRSV2 over PRRSV1 in the outbreak was assumed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PRRSV1 strain belonged to sub-genotype 2—one of the predominant groups of genotype 1 PRRSVs in Russia. A partial open reading frame 7 sequence of the PRRSV2 isolate demonstrated a high identity with modified live vaccine-related strains from Denmark (93%) and wild-type VR2332 (92%). We identified the first instance of PRRSV1/PRRSV2 mixed infection in Russia. This finding indicates that further field investigations are needed to access PRRSV2 epidemiology in eastern Europe.

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Genetic and pathogenic characterization of a Russian subtype 2 PRRSV-1 isolate

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

Activation of regulated cell death in the lung of piglets infected with virulent PRRSV-1 Lena strain occurs earlier and mediated by cleaved Caspase-8

Activation of regulated cell death in the lung of piglets infected with virulent PRRSV-1 Lena strain occurs earlier and mediated by cleaved Caspase-8

The Ability of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Isolates to Induce Broadly Reactive Neutralizing Antibodies Correlates With In Vivo Protection

An Outbreak of a Respiratory Disorder at a Russian Swine Farm Associated with the Co-Circulation of PRRSV1 and PRRSV2

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