Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Immune Response and Resistance to Infectious Diseases in Domestic Ruminants

Emam, Mehdi; Livernois, Alexandra M.; Paibomesai, Marlene; Atalla, Heba; Mallard, Bonnie A.

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2019.07.002

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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confidence: 99%

“…Besides the number of genes controlling this system, environmental and physiological factors, and the dynamic interactions between the host-pathogens and host-microbiota have been limiting factors to precisely determine the causal mechanism in resistance or susceptibility to disease 4 . One of the primary barriers has been an optimized strategy to measure susceptibility or resistance, particularly in the context of complex disease traits 4,5 . Recently, along with technical advances in cellular biology and genetics, reductionist approaches are gaining more attention to reduce the complexity of the various interactions by investigating a sub-system instead of the whole immune system 3,6,7 .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Transcriptomic Profiles of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Response to Escherichia coli is Associated with the Host Genetics

Emam

Cánovas

Islas‐Trejo

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) are a group of bactericidal molecules produced by macrophages in response to pathogens in a process called oxidative burst. Nitric oxide (NO −) is a member of RNS produced from arginine by inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) enzyme. The activity of iNOS and production of NO − by macrophages following stimulation is one of the indicators of macrophage polarization towards M1/proinflammatory. Production of NO − by bovine monocyte-derived macrophage (MDM) and mouse peritoneal macrophages has been shown to be strongly associated with host genetic with the heritability of 0.776 in bovine MDM and 0.8 in mouse peritoneal macrophages. However, the mechanism of genetic regulation of macrophage response has remained less explored. In the current study, the transcriptome of bovine MDMs was compared between two extreme phenotypes that had been classified as high and low responder based on NO − production. The results showed that 179 and 392 genes were differentially expressed (DE) between high and low responder groups at 3 and 18 hours after exposure to Escherichia coli, respectively. A set of 11 Transcription Factors (TFs) (STAT1,

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic Profiles of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Response to Escherichia coli is Associated with the Host Genetics

Emam

Cánovas

Islas‐Trejo

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Genetic regulation of disease susceptibility was reviewed in a recent edition of Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice. 76 This section provides only a brief summary of recent findings related to BRD and the genetic component of disease susceptibility.…”

Section: Genetics Of Disease Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

The Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease

McGill

Sacco

2020

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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“…Evidence from a plethora of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in livestock suggests that disease resistance, tolerance, and resilience are mostly under polygenic control, with a handful of genes of relatively large effect (e.g. [ 7 , 21 , 81 – 83 ]). This implies that genetic improvement of resilience traits will be necessarily gradual and may require many generations of selection to achieve complete resistance or tolerance, if at all possible.…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why breed disease-resilient livestock, and how?

Knap

Doeschl‐Wilson

2020

Genet Sel Evol

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Background Fighting and controlling epidemic and endemic diseases represents a considerable cost to livestock production. Much research is dedicated to breeding disease resilient livestock, but this is not yet a common objective in practical breeding programs. In this paper, we investigate how future breeding programs may benefit from recent research on disease resilience. Main body We define disease resilience in terms of its component traits resistance (R: the ability of a host animal to limit within-host pathogen load (PL)) and tolerance (T: the ability of an infected host to limit the damage caused by a given PL), and model the host's production performance as a reaction norm on PL, depending on R and T. Based on this, we derive equations for the economic values of resilience and its component traits. A case study on porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) in pigs illustrates that the economic value of increasing production in infectious conditions through selection for R and T can be more than three times higher than by selection for production in disease-free conditions. Although this reaction norm model of resilience is helpful for quantifying its relationship to its component traits, its parameters are difficult and expensive to quantify. We consider the consequences of ignoring R and T in breeding programs that measure resilience as production in infectious conditions with unknown PL—particularly, the risk that the genetic correlation between R and T is unfavourable (antagonistic) and that a trade-off between them neutralizes the resilience improvement. We describe four approaches to avoid such antagonisms: (1) by producing sufficient PL records to estimate this correlation and check for antagonisms—if found, continue routine PL recording, and if not found, shift to cheaper proxies for PL; (2) by selection on quantitative trait loci (QTL) known to influence both R and T in favourable ways; (3) by rapidly modifying towards near-complete resistance or tolerance, (4) by re-defining resilience as the animal's capacity to resist (or recover from) the perturbation caused by an infection, measured as temporal deviations of production traits in within-host longitudinal data series. Conclusions All four alternatives offer promising options for genetic improvement of disease resilience, and most rely on technological and methodological developments and innovation in automated data generation.

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Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of Immune Response and Resistance to Infectious Diseases in Domestic Ruminants

Cited by 18 publications

References 133 publications

Transcriptomic Profiles of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Response to Escherichia coli is Associated with the Host Genetics

Transcriptomic Profiles of Monocyte-Derived Macrophages in Response to Escherichia coli is Associated with the Host Genetics

The Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease

Why breed disease-resilient livestock, and how?

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