The Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease

McGill, Jodi L.; Sacco, Randy E.

doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.03.002

Cited by 62 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…The consensus opinion is that the respiratory disease and pathology may vary with BCoV strain, animal age, co-infections with other pathogens (from BRDC complex), weather and additional environmental stress factors ( Table 2 ) ( 26 , 27 ). The list of other viral and bacterial pathogens identified in association with BRDC is rather extensive and includes: parainfluenza virus, type 3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, reovirus, influenza D virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and 4, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis , and Trueperella pyogenes ( 105 ). Multiagent experiments evaluated interactions between the respiratory pathogens and stress and emphasized their synergistic effects in the BRDC, but no such experiments have been reported for BCoV ( 32 , 105 , 106 ).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Of Respiratory And Enteric Bovmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The list of other viral and bacterial pathogens identified in association with BRDC is rather extensive and includes: parainfluenza virus, type 3, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, enterovirus, reovirus, influenza D virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1 and 4, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis , and Trueperella pyogenes ( 105 ). Multiagent experiments evaluated interactions between the respiratory pathogens and stress and emphasized their synergistic effects in the BRDC, but no such experiments have been reported for BCoV ( 32 , 105 , 106 ). A recent study has concurrently identified BCoV, H. somni, M. haemolytica , and P. multocida (but not other common BRDC pathogens) during a respiratory disease outbreak in pre-weaned beef calves emphasizing that these pathogens were likely the major contributors to the disease development ( 107 ).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Of Respiratory And Enteric Bovmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases

Vlasova

Saif

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.

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Section: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Of Respiratory And Enteric Bovmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Of Respiratory And Enteric Bovmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases

Vlasova

Saif

2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…The percentage of morbidity and mortality can reach 70% but varies with the management system in place, prevention programs and the kind of pathogens involved, bacteria being more often fatal than viruses alone [ 1 ]. The disease most often results from an overwhelming, dysregulated host immune response [ 4 ]. Classical clinical signs of bacterial BRD include fever over 40 °C, dyspnea, nasal discharge, coughing and depression with diminished or no appetite [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Mycoplasma bovis Diversity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Calf Feedlots Undergoing a Respiratory Disease Outbreak

et al. 2020

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Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) are widespread in veal calf feedlots. Several pathogens are implicated, both viruses and bacteria, one of which, Mycoplasma bovis, is under-researched. This worldwide-distributed bacterium has been shown to be highly resistant in vitro to the main antimicrobials used to treat BRD. Our objective was to monitor the relative prevalence of M. bovis during BRD episodes, its diversity, and its resistance phenotype in relation to antimicrobial use. For this purpose, a two-year longitudinal follow-up of 25 feedlots was organized and 537 nasal swabs were collected on 358 veal calves at their arrival in the lot, at the BRD peak and 4 weeks after collective antimicrobial treatments. The presence of M. bovis was assessed by real-time PCR and culture. The clones isolated were then subtyped (polC subtyping and PFGE analysis), and their susceptibility to five antimicrobials was determined. The course of the disease and the antimicrobials used had no influence on the genetic diversity of the M. bovis strains: The subtype distribution was the same throughout the BRD episode and similar to that already described in France, with a major narrowly-variable subtype circulating, st2. The same conclusion holds for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes: All the clones were already multiresistant to the main antimicrobials used (except for fluoroquinolones) prior to any treatments. By contrast, changes of AMR phenotypes could be suspected for Pasteurellaceae in two cases in relation to the treatments registered.

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“…Cytokines and chemokines are the chemical messengers which initiate the innate and link the adaptive immune responses. Dysregulation of the homeostatic balance between stimulatory and inhibitory cytokines plays a key role in the pathogenesis of viral and bacterial infections, including those of BRDC [ 2 , 9 ]. Increased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines from BRSV infected macrophages amplifies immune evasion, by dampening the initial cellular response mounted [ 82 ].…”

Section: Cell Signallingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BRDC has been thoroughly reviewed previously; the immune response has been reviewed in detail [ 2 , 8 ], with the developments of the last decade outlined by McGill & Sacco in 2020 [ 9 ]. The exhibition of clinical signs, times of shedding, and seroconversion of each pathogen has also been outlined by Grissett et al [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bacterial and Viral Agents of BRDC: Immune Evasion and Vaccine Developments

Bell¹,

Turkington²,

Cosby³

2021

Vaccines

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Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is a multifactorial disease of cattle which presents as bacterial and viral pneumonia. The causative agents of BRDC work in synergy to suppress the host immune response and increase the colonisation of the lower respiratory tracts by pathogenic bacteria. Environmental stress and/or viral infection predispose cattle to secondary bacterial infections via suppression of key innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. This allows bacteria to descend the respiratory tract unchallenged. BRDC is the costliest disease among feedlot cattle, and whilst vaccines exist for individual pathogens, there is still a lack of evidence for the efficacy of these vaccines and uncertainty surrounding the optimum timing of delivery. This review outlines the immunosuppressive actions of the individual pathogens involved in BRDC and highlights the key issues in the development of vaccinations against them.

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The Immunology of Bovine Respiratory Disease

Cited by 62 publications

References 87 publications

Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases

Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases

Monitoring Mycoplasma bovis Diversity and Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Calf Feedlots Undergoing a Respiratory Disease Outbreak

The Bacterial and Viral Agents of BRDC: Immune Evasion and Vaccine Developments

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