Genetic and environmental influences on adolescent substance use and abuse

Elkins, Irene J.; Iacono, William G.

doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20001009)96:5<671::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-w

Cited by 176 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The corresponding heritability estimates under the assumptions of the CTM were consistent with values reported from various twin studies (Carmelli et al, 1992;Heath et al, , 1999Boomsma et al, 1994;Han et al, 1999;Koopmans et al, 1999;Madden et al, 1999Madden et al, , 2004McGue et al, 2000;Rhee et al, 2003;Maes et al, 2006). However, using a novel analysis, which allowed us to adjust for both the smoking status of an individual's friends and the concordance for friends' smoking status within pairs, we found greater concordance for smoking in MZ pairs only at wave 1 when most twins were living together.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Environmental and lifestyle factors shared by twins have been found to play only a small role in adult smoking (Sullivan and Kendler, 1999;Li et al, 2003), although they may be more important in the smoking behaviours of adolescents and young adults (Boomsma et al, 1994;Han et al, 1999;Koopmans et al, 1999;McGue et al, 2000;Hopfer et al, 2003;Rhee et al, 2003;White et al, 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Does smoking among friends explain apparent genetic effects on current smoking in adolescence and young adulthood?

et al. 2008

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We used data from a prospective cohort study of twins to investigate the influence of unmeasured genetic and measured and unmeasured environmental factors on the smoking behaviour of adolescents and young adults. Twins were surveyed in 1988 (aged 11 -18 years), 1991, 1996 and 2004 with data from 1409, 1121, 732 and 758 pairs analysed from each survey wave, respectively. Questionnaires assessed the smoking behaviour of twins and the perceived smoking behaviour of friends and parents. Using a novel logistic regression analysis, we simultaneously modelled individual risk and excess concordance for current smoking as a function of zygosity, survey wave, parental smoking and peer smoking. Being concordant for having peers who smoked was a predictor of concordance for current smoking (Po0.001). After adjusting for peer smoking, monozygotic (MZ) pairs were no more alike than dizygotic pairs for current smoking at waves 2, 3 and 4. Genetic explanations are not needed to explain the greater concordance for current smoking among adult MZ pairs. However, if they are invoked, the role of genes may be due to indirect effects acting through the social environment. Smoking prevention efforts may benefit more by targeting social factors than attempting to identify genetic factors associated with smoking. Smoking is an important cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in later life (Ezzati and Lopez, 2004), so there is a need to understand the factors associated with its uptake and establishment. Twin studies have the potential to identify whether genetic factors might play a role in explaining individual variation in smoking behaviours. The observation that identical (monozygotic; MZ) twin pairs are more similar than same-sex non-identical (dizygotic; DZ) twin pairs is often interpreted as showing that genetic factors play a role, because this finding is consistent with such an explanation under the assumptions of the classic twin model (CTM). One of the main assumptions of the CTM is that the effects of the shared environment on the relevant trait are the same for MZ and DZ pairs (the equal environments assumption (EEA)). Under this assumption, any greater similarity for MZ pairs compared with DZ pairs is attributed to their greater genetic similarity.Using the CTM, studies of the smoking behaviour of adult twins have been interpreted as showing that genetic factors play a major role in both initiation and persistence of smoking (Carmelli et al,

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

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confidence: 99%

Does smoking among friends explain apparent genetic effects on current smoking in adolescence and young adulthood?

et al. 2008

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“…Under this model, the heritability for nicotine dependence was 60% (True et al, 1999). McGue et al, (2000) used a univariate threshold model and reported a heritability of 44% (95% CI: 3-87%) and a shared environmental influence of 37% (95% CI: 0-71%) for nicotine dependence. Both studies included the never-smokers in the analysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heritability of Smoking Initiation and Nicotine Dependence

2005

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In contrast to other aspects of smoking behavior, little attention has been paid to the genetics of nicotine dependence. In this paper, three models (single liability dimension, independent liability dimension and combined model) have been applied to data on smoking initiation and nicotine dependence (n = 1572 Dutch twin pairs, mean age 30.5). A combined model best described the data. This model postulates a smoking initiation dimension and a nicotine dependence dimension, which are not independent. For both males and females, individual differences in smoking initiation were explained by genetic (44%), shared environmental (51%) and unique environmental (5%) influences. The nicotine dependence dimension was influenced only by genetic (75%) and unique environmental (25%) factors. The substantial impact of genetic factors on nicotine dependence emphasizes the need for further research to localize and identify specific genes and pathways involved in nicotine dependence.

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“…long-term continuous tobacco use), number of cigarettes smoked daily, and diagnosed nicotine dependence. Heritability estimates for these smoking phenotypes range from 39 -82% for persistent smoking [93,100,101,175], 45 -86% for number of cigarettes smoked daily [65,83,164,178], and 31 -75% for nicotine dependence [80,115,176,179]. In addition, genetic factors also influence nicotine withdrawal symptoms and failed smoking cessation: heritability estimates for nicotine withdrawal symptoms range from 29 -53%, whereas estimates for smoking cessation are 51 -54% [91,127,188,189].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: Converging evidence from human and animal research

Portugal

Gould

2008

Behavioural Brain Research

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Tobacco smoking is a leading preventable cause of death in the United States and produces a major health and economic burden. Although the majority of smokers want to quit, few are successful. These data highlight the need for additional research into the neurobiology of tobacco dependence. Addiction to nicotine, the main psychoactive component of tobacco, is influenced by multiple factors that include individual differences in genetic makeup. Twin studies have demonstrated that genetic factors can influence vulnerability to nicotine addiction, and subsequent research has identified genes that may alter sensitivity to nicotine. In humans, genome-wide and candidate gene association studies have demonstrated that genes encoding nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) proteins are associated with multiple smoking phenotypes. Similarly, research in mice has provided evidence that naturally occurring variability in nAChR genes is associated with changes in nicotine sensitivity. Furthermore, the use of genetic knockout mice has allowed researchers to determine the nAChR genes that mediate the effects of nicotine, whereas research with knockin mice has demonstrated that changes to nAChR genes can dramatically alter nicotine sensitivity. This review will examine the genetic factors that alter susceptibility to nicotine addiction, with an emphasis on the genes that encode nAChR proteins.

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Genetic and environmental influences on adolescent substance use and abuse

Cited by 176 publications

References 31 publications

Does smoking among friends explain apparent genetic effects on current smoking in adolescence and young adulthood?

Does smoking among friends explain apparent genetic effects on current smoking in adolescence and young adulthood?

Heritability of Smoking Initiation and Nicotine Dependence

Genetic variability in nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine addiction: Converging evidence from human and animal research

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