Genetic and Biological Influences in the Evolution of Insecticide Resistance

Abstract

Evolution of insecticide resistance, measured by the though the rate at which this occurred varied. The slowfrequency of a resistant allele and by population size, was est response to selection occurred when (I) the populasimulated on a computer. The effects of dominance, tion was diluted by immigrants, (2) population density initial gene frequency, refugia, immigration, and repro-was drastically suppressed by severe selection, and (3) ductive potential were studied singly with a deterministic susceptible individuals had a reproductive advantage over model. In all cases, resistance evolved eventually, al-their resistant counterparts.

Fitness costs of key point mutations that underlie acaricide target‐site resistance in the two‐spotted spider miteTetranychus urticae

“…In contrast to target‐site resistance mutations that have been present within pest populations as natural balanced polymorphisms prior to the exposure of the insecticide/acaricide, de novo formed resistant alleles are expected to generate a high fitness disadvantage in resistant arthropods, compared to their susceptible conspecifics (ffrench‐Constant, 2007; ffrench‐Constant & Bass, 2017; Fisher, 1999). In light of this theory, the study of the potential biological weaknesses that are associated with acaricide/insecticide resistance in populations is of high importance in the context of Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM; Crow, 1957; Georghiou & Taylor, 1977). The origin and history of the nucleotide polymorphisms associated with resistance remains largely unknown (but see Gould et al., 1997; Hartley et al., 2006), which lowers the reliability of a priori predictions of potential fitness costs.…”

“…Pesticide resistance could thus result in fitness costs in populations that live in a pesticide‐free environment. As a consequence, alleviating pesticide use could result in a lower frequency of target‐site resistance alleles and, in turn, a lower resistance level of the population (Crow, 1957; Georghiou & Taylor, 1977). Target‐site resistance alleles can however be maintained in pest populations through several mechanisms.…”

The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants

“…The concept of refugia was first described by ecologists, who considered that a refugium is any local environment that has escaped regional ecological change and therefore provides a habitat for endangered species. The concept was also used by researchers working on insecticide resistance to describe areas where members of a population were not exposed to chemical control and were therefore unaffected by treatment (Georghiou and Taylor, 1977). However, this concept cannot be directly applied to parasitic communities where the 'endangered' (anthelmintic susceptible) population exists alongside the 'dangerous' (anthelmintic resistant) population in both the pre-parasitic and parasitic environments and moreover the two populations can interbreed freely.…”

Is a larger refuge always better? Dispersal and dose in pesticide resistance evolution

“…The high‐dose strategy proposed by Georghiou and Taylor (1977) and modeled by Comins (Comins 1977a,b) has been a cornerstone in studies and policies aimed to manage resistance evolution to pesticides (Gould 2000; Caprio 2001; Ives and Andow 2002; Huang et al. 2011; Tabashnik et al.…”