The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants

Kenyon, Fiona; Greer, Andrew W.; Coles, Garill A.; Cringoli, Giuseppe; Papadopoulos, Elias; Cabaret, Jacques; Berrag, B; Várady, Marián; Wyk, Johann Van; Thomas, Eurion; Vercruysse, Jozef; Jackson, F.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.04.015

Cited by 234 publications

(189 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…This is known as Targeted Treatment (TT) (2). · Thirdly, if the whole flock is to be treated, the sheep should be kept on the pasture where they have been grazing for a few more days to weeks to allow them to ingest unselected larvae and thus slow AR development.…”

Section: Reduce the Selection Pressure For Anthelmintic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mottos of TST summarise the intentions: "Leave the best, and treat the rest" or "Look before you treat"! Another way to apply TST is by measuring changes in body weight, but this will only work where the farm is geared up for regular (twice monthly) weighing (2). Animals showing the slowest growth rates can be identified for treatment, but more importantly those with the fastest growth rates can be left untreated.…”

Section: Monitoring Of Worm Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its use lies at a group or flock level, since it gives a quick, easy and cheap warning of a build-up of these parasites and the need for enhanced surveillance and control measures (TTS) (2).…”

Section: Monitoring Of Worm Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-pharmaceutical Control of Endoparasitic Infections in Sheep

Bath

2011

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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Section: Reduce the Selection Pressure For Anthelmintic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monitoring Of Worm Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-pharmaceutical Control of Endoparasitic Infections in Sheep

Bath

2011

Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice

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“…FAMACHA is considered a TST approach for reducing parasite chemical exposure (Kenyon et al 2009). The method is based on the correlation between eye mucous color and hematocrit values, which is used to identify animals that are able to withstand infections by Haemonchus contortus (Vilela et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of Eucalyptus staigeriana nanoemulsion for control of sheep haemonchosis

et al. 2017

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Sustainable control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminants has been based on the use of alternative methods, including targeted selective treatment, such as FAMACHA. Another GIN control alternative is the use of herbal medicines, although in many cases their use is based on empirical knowledge. Biopolymer nanoformulations has been investigated to maximize the essential oil effects against sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. The aim of the present study was to combine a Eucalyptus staigeriana essential oil nanoemulsion (EsNano) with FAMACHA as an alternative control for sheep haemonchosis. The study was performed over six months at a commercial sheep farm located in a semiarid region of Northeast Brazil. Initially, a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) in sheep with levamisole, ivermectin and oxfendazole in sheep was performed used to determine the most effective anthelmintic to use as the positive control. Levamisole has been selected because it showed efficacy superior to 95%. EsNano was obtained and then its physicochemical properties were characterized. The average (±SE) size of the particles in the nanoemulsion was 276.8 (±12.3) nm with bimodal distribution and polydispersity. Nine visits were performed, from April to September 2013, with an interval of 17 days. One hundred sixty-two male and female sheep were divided into three groups (n=54 each) and were treated when FAMACHA score was 3, 4, or 5: G-EsNano 250mg kg -1 EsNano; G-Lev 7.5mg kg -1 levamisole (positive control), and G-Neg was not treated (negative control). Feces from sheep were collected to quantify the number of eggs per gram of feces (epg) and to identify nematode genera. Sheep weight gain was monitored. The epg data for each group and the average sheep weight gains were analyzed by variance analysis and compared with the Tukey's test (P<0.05). Significant difference between the number of animals treated with EsNano and levamisole was not observed in any visit (P>0.05). The epg variation was similar in the G-EsNano and G-Lev groups on visits (P>0.05), except the second and fifth evaluation in the epg groups were significantly different (P<0.05). Haemonchus spp. was the most prevalent nematode. There was no significant weight gain in any of the treated groups (P<0.05). The combination of phytotherapy and FAMACHA can be an alternative to minimize the use of synthetic anthelmintics to control resistant GIN populations of small ruminants.

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“…Targeted selective treatment (TST), based on the concept of "refugia" (Martin, 1989;Van Wyk, 2001;Kenyon et al, 2009) for more sustainable worm management was previously not practicable until it was given substance by the FAMACHA © system of clinical evaluation of the anaemia of haemonchosis (Bath et al, 2001;Van Wyk, 2001;Vatta et al, 2001;Kaplan et al, 2004;Mahieu et al, 2007;Molento et al, 2004;Sotomaior et al, 2004). The FAMACHA © system is based on leaving untreated all animals that are not clinically affected by haemonchosis at any given time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reynecke

Wyk

Gummow

et al. 2011

Veterinary Parasitology

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=============================================================== 2 AbstractTest sensitivity and specificity for the FAMACHA © clinical test for anaemia due to haemonchosis have previously been shown to be adequate in differentiating between heavily/less heavily infected sheep, but these properties give no objective guidance for setting the optimum threshold at which anthelmintic treatment should occur. The aim of this work was to use Receiver Operating Characteristic curves (ROC) to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FAMACHA © testing by estimating the area under the ROC curve, and to use Two-graph ROC curves to decrease subjectivity in selecting treatment thresholds on two farms with contrasting management. Test diagnostic accuracy, and thus discriminating power as determined by the area under the ROC curves, ranged from "moderate to good" on the first farm, and from "moderate to high" on the second farm for haematocrit (the Gold Standard for the test) cut-offs of ≤22 % and ≤19 % on both farms respectively. Accuracy of classification between haematocrit cut-offs was not significantly different within farms, but did differ significantly between farms, with test accuracy being highest on the second farm at both haematocrit cut-offs (p< 0.05). The

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The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants

Cited by 234 publications

References 66 publications

Non-pharmaceutical Control of Endoparasitic Infections in Sheep

Non-pharmaceutical Control of Endoparasitic Infections in Sheep

The use of Eucalyptus staigeriana nanoemulsion for control of sheep haemonchosis

Application of ROC curve analysis to FAMACHA© evaluation of haemonchosis on two sheep farms in South Africa

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