Genetic Algorithm Control Strategy for Heat Pump System in Battery Electric Buses

Haddad, Rabih Al; Basma, Hussein; Mansour, Charbel

doi:10.1109/vppc49601.2020.9330927

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The author concluded that the BEB driving range can be reduced by more than 50% in extreme cold conditions. [73] examines the energy needs of electric bus HVAC unit through detailed thermal modelling for the bus heat transfer phenomena and concluded on the importance of a proper system design and control to reduce the impact of the HVAC unit energy needs on the BEB driving range. [74] evaluated the energy efficiency and economic performance of several heating technologies in BEBs due to their significant impact on the bus driving range.…”

Section: Energy Consumption Of Bebsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Buses in Hot Climates: Challenges, Technologies, and the Road Ahead

Alarrouqi,

Ahmad,

Bayhan

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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This article examines the adoption of Battery Electric Buses (BEBs) in hot climates, highlighting the pursuit of sustainable transportation. It contrasts bus technologies and their adaptability to heat, with a focus on the operational strategies and performance metrics suited to these environments. The role of charging infrastructure is assessed, alongside the thermal tolerance of lithium-ion batteries, to establish their compatibility with BEBs in warm regions. Energy consumption patterns of BEBs are analyzed, considering the extra load from cooling systems. Additionally, the review touches on the economic implications and market acceptance, providing a succinct overview of financial impacts and consumer behavior. The paper identifies gaps in current research, particularly in relation to hot weather conditions, and validates findings to aid stakeholders in making informed decisions and spurring innovation in the field. With concise problem statements and state-of-the-art evaluations, this contribution offers a pathway for future research and a deeper understanding of electric bus operations under thermal stress.INDEX TERMS Battery electric buses, public transportation, energy consumption, hot climate.

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Section: Energy Consumption Of Bebsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Buses in Hot Climates: Challenges, Technologies, and the Road Ahead

Alarrouqi,

Ahmad,

Bayhan

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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“…The impact of HVAC on the EC of the bus can be significant [23]- [28]. The intelligent control of HVAC operation can therefore contribute to reduced EC [29], [30]. Depending on the geographical position and climate conditions in the area, the energy needed for heating or cooling of the passenger cabin can be more dominant [26].…”

Section: Vehicle-related Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Consumption of Battery- Electric Buses: Review of Influential Parameters and Modelling Approaches

Jahic,

Eskander,

Avdevicius

et al. 2023

B&H Electrical Engineering

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The electrification of public transportation fleets worldwide can pose a challenge to multiple stakeholders, such as the fleet operator or the operator of the local electrical grid. One of the important prerequisites for the successful integration of these fleets into the existing system is the knowledge of the energy consumption of the buses during their trips. The energy consumption varies depending on multiple factors such as the vehicle or route-related parameters, operational, and environmental parameters. This paper gives an overview of the latest research regarding these influential factors. Another essential prerequisite for the implementation of intelligent management systems for electric bus fleets is the forecasting of energy consumption. Researchers take different approaches to tackle this issue. A review of the latest research considering empirical approaches, physical models, regression, and machine learning is also provided in this paper. The findings of this paper provide a quick overview of different aspects of the energy consumption of electric buses and can therefore support other researchers or decision-makers in their work.

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“…33 The needed equations to compute the power consumption of the HP system are presented in this section; however, further information on the modeling methodology is presented in Al Haddad. 34 The total power consumption of the HP system is the summation of the power consumption of the compressor, blower, and evaporator fan, as expressed in equation (8).…”

Section: Bus System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling and control of heat pump system for battery electric buses

Haddad

Basma

Mansour

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Given the continuous tightening of emissions regulations on vehicles, battery-electric buses (BEB) play an essential role in the transition toward cleaner transport technologies, as they represent the most promising solution to replace diesel buses and reduce their environmental impact in the short term. However, heating the bus cabin leads to a considerable increase in energy consumption under cold weather conditions, which significantly reduces the driving range, given the limited battery capacity. Heat pumps (HP) are the primary heating technology used in BEB for their improved consumption performance compared to other technologies. Therefore, this study aims at optimizing the coefficient of performance (COP) of an HP system in a BEB for maximizing the bus electric driving range under cold weather conditions while maintaining satisfactory thermal comfort levels for passengers. Accordingly, an HP model is developed and integrated into an electric bus model using Dymola. A genetic algorithm (GA) based controller is proposed to find the optimal combination of the HP operating parameters, namely the compressor speed, the air mass flow rate at the inlet of the condenser, and the recirculation rate in order to maximize the system’s COP, and extend the BEB driving at different external temperatures, and as a function of the passengers’ occupancy levels. Results are carried under transient and steady-state operating conditions and show that the proposed GA-based controller saves up to 39% of the HP energy consumption as compared to the conventional HP control strategy, and therefore, enhances the BEB driving range up to 17%.

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Genetic Algorithm Control Strategy for Heat Pump System in Battery Electric Buses

Cited by 7 publications

References 8 publications

Electric Buses in Hot Climates: Challenges, Technologies, and the Road Ahead

Electric Buses in Hot Climates: Challenges, Technologies, and the Road Ahead

Energy Consumption of Battery- Electric Buses: Review of Influential Parameters and Modelling Approaches

Modeling and control of heat pump system for battery electric buses

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