Generation of shock trains in free liquid jets with a nanosecond green laser

Ursescu, D.; Aleksandrov, Veselin; Matei, Dan; Dancus, I.; Almeida, Matias D. de; Stan, Claudiu A.

doi:10.1103/physrevfluids.5.123402

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…The substantial absorption enhancement is through early ionized matter and plasma [46,47]. The liquid with high absorption rate (ARI solution) also shows a similar deposition rate of laser energy, providing evidence of saturation of energy deposition [25].…”

Section: E Blast Energy Estimationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…For the ARI and R6G solution jets, no such liquid sheet is observed at the nozzle orifice. This suggests that the sheet near the nozzle orifice is not caused by shock waves inside the microjets [25]. A more plausible explanation is that for the DI water jets, part of the laser energy is directed to 034001-5 the nozzle orifice via scattering of the plasma and subsequent internal reflections in the jet, and the optical energy is deposited near the nozzle tip, causing the phase explosion (a violent, instantaneous boiling due to the localized heating of a thin layer of water, see Sec.…”

Section: (C) 0 μS]mentioning

confidence: 91%

“…The XFEL causes a blast that expands against the liquid column in the axial direction, violently breaking the liquid column into two sections [24]. The blast generates a strong shock wave in the water microjet that travels upstream at supersonic speeds [25,26]. The pressure is of particular interest in SFX, as the strong shock raises concern for damage of the jet-delivered protein crystals, which are soft materials held together by weak intermolecular forces [27,28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response of ∼100 micron water jets to intense nanosecond laser blasts

et al. 2022

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We performed an experimental study on water microjets of 100 microns in radius ablated in air by both green (532 nm) and near infrared (1064 nm) nanosecond laser pulses with up to 1100 mJ per pulse. We show this affordable and accessible experimental apparatus captures the essence of the water jet response after being ablated by an intense laser pulse. The results reveal that ∼3.5% of laser pulse energy enters the water jet and half reaches the nozzle orifice as far as 50 times the jet diameter away from the ablation point through internal reflections. The energy density absorbed by the nozzle orifice exceeds the damage threshold of stainless steel, causing microexplosions and formation of a liquid sheet near the nozzle orifice.

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Section: E Blast Energy Estimationmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: (C) 0 μS]mentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Response of ∼100 micron water jets to intense nanosecond laser blasts

et al. 2022

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“…The XFEL pulses from the Linac Coherent Light Source (SLAC, Menlo Park, CA, USA) are delivered with a frequency of 120 Hz while the pulse frequency of the European XFEL (Schenefeld, Germany) can be as high as 4.5 MHz. When such X-ray laser pulses interact with the jet carrying the samples they produce shock waves, which can damage protein crystals and thus influence the data collection at MHz rates [2,3]. Hence, to avoid this the jets need to be very fast, with a velocity of 100 m/s or higher [4,5] to ensure exposing only fresh, undamaged samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternative Geometric Arrangements of the Nozzle Outlet Orifice for Liquid Micro-Jet Focusing in Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzles

2021

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Liquid micro-jets are crucial for sample delivery of protein crystals and other macromolecular samples in serial femtosecond crystallography. When combined with MHz repetition rate sources, such as the European X-ray free-electron laser (EuXFEL) facility, it is important that the diffraction patterns are collected before the samples are damaged. This requires extremely thin and very fast jets. In this paper we first explore numerically the influence of different nozzle orifice designs on jet parameters and finally compare our simulations with the experimental data obtained for one particular design. A gas dynamic virtual nozzle (GDVN) model, based on a mixture formulation of Newtonian, compressible, two-phase flow, is numerically solved with the finite volume method and volume of fluid approach to deal with the moving boundary between the gas and liquid phases. The goal is to maximize the jet velocity and its length while minimizing the jet thickness. The design studies incorporate differently shaped nozzle orifices, including an elongated orifice with a constant diameter and an orifice with a diverging angle. These are extensions of the nozzle geometry we investigated in our previous studies. Based on these simulations it is concluded that the extension of the constant diameter channel makes a negligible contribution to the jet’s length and its velocity. A change in the angle of the nozzle outlet orifice, however, has a significant effect on jet parameters. We find these kinds of simulation extremely useful for testing and optimizing novel nozzle designs.

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“…In recent years, several studies analyzed XFELinduced explosions of liquid droplets or liquid jets [11][12][13][14][15][16] as well as the relevance of explosions for the design of crystallographic studies. Stan et al used time-resolved imaging to study explosions in droplets and jets, revealing that the expanding vapor launches shock waves traveling across the drops or along the jet [11,12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Simulations of Liquid Jet Explosions and Shock Waves Induced by X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers

Chatzimagas¹,

Hub²

2022

Preprint

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X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) produce X-ray pulses with high brilliance and short pulse duration. These properties enable structural investigations of biomolecular nanocrystals, and they allow resolving the dynamics of biomolecules down to the femtosecond timescale. Liquid jets are widely used to deliver samples into the XFEL beam. The impact of the X-ray pulse leads to vaporization and explosion of the liquid jet, while the expanding gas triggers the formation of shock wave trains traveling along the jet, which may affect biomolecular samples before they have been probed. Here, we used molecular dynamics simulations to reveal the structural dynamics of shock waves after an X-ray impact. Analysis of the density in the jet revealed shock waves that form close to the explosion center, travel along the jet with supersonic velocities and decay exponentially with an attenuation length proportional to the jet diameter. A trailing shock wave formed after the first shock wave, similar to the shock wave trains in experiments. Although using purely classical models in the simulations, the resulting explosion geometry and shock wave dynamics closely resemble experimental findings, and they highlight the importance of atomistic details for modeling shock wave attenuation.

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Generation of shock trains in free liquid jets with a nanosecond green laser

Cited by 10 publications

References 30 publications

Response of ∼100 micron water jets to intense nanosecond laser blasts

Response of ∼100 micron water jets to intense nanosecond laser blasts

Alternative Geometric Arrangements of the Nozzle Outlet Orifice for Liquid Micro-Jet Focusing in Gas Dynamic Virtual Nozzles

Molecular Simulations of Liquid Jet Explosions and Shock Waves Induced by X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers

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