Generation, characterization, perniciousness, removal and reutilization of solids in aquaculture water: a review from the whole process perspective

Abstract

The generation of solids by aquaculture activities has led to many problems in animal welfare, environmental quality, water treatment effects and public health, such as gill and intestinal damage, water eutrophication, system components blockages and antibiotics transfers through the food chain to human; thus, effective solid wastes management is very important. The purpose of this review is to summarize the sources, characterization methods, harmfulness, removal technologies and reutilization of solids in aquaculture water, including (i) different sources of solids, such as uneaten feed, feces and debris; (ii) solids characterization based on the general parameters, particle size distribution and chemical composition; (iii) the toxicity and detriment of solids to cultured species, the environment, aquaculture system components and human health; (iv) Solids removal, effluents solids thickening and source control techniques for better solids management; and (v) various methods for the reutilization of aquacultural solid wastes for resource value-adding. In addition to these five specific objectives, the merits and drawbacks of each method or technology and future research priorities are discussed. The present review provides an understanding of the role played by solids in aquaculture water and provides guidance for aquacultural solid wastes precision management, aquaculture practices and technological developments. Thus, solids management can be carried out based on this guidance to improve animal welfare and the stability of water treatment systems, reduce harm to the environment and public health, and enable the development of aquaculture in a sustainable way.

Hydroponic horticulture using residual waters fromOreochromis niloticusaquaculture with biofloc technology in photoautotrophic conditions withChlorellamicroalgae

“…For the photoautotrophic BFT water process, flocculation is a good methodology, as well as filtration or bio clarification (<30 µm) (Espinal & Matulić, 2019), and to separate particles, various systems are available (Cripps, 1995; Cripps & Bergheim, 2000; Dauda, Ajadi, Tola‐Fabunmi, & Akinwole, 2019; Goddard & Al‐Abri, 2019). Furthermore, a combination of processes could be used to recover distinct particle sizes, with stations for sedimentation, adhesion, and filtration (Fimbres‐Acedo, 2015), or to implement the first and second treatments (Bao et al., 2018), including a protein skimmer or adding innovative systems such as biological aerated filters (BAFs), a sludge filter and a bioreactor for solid nutrient conversion (Zhang et al., 2020).…”

“…Furthermore, a combination of processes could be used to recover distinct particle sizes, with stations for sedimentation, adhesion, and filtration (Fimbres-Acedo, 2015), or to implement the first and second treatments (Bao et al, 2018), including a protein skimmer or adding innovative systems such as biological aerated filters (BAFs), a sludge filter and a bioreactor for solid nutrient conversion (Zhang et al, 2020).…”

“…However, this activity generates a large amount of liquid and particulate residuals and requires a large quantity of water (Hajek & Boyd, 1994; Masuda & Boyd, 1994), which together cause severe production and environmental problems, such as spreading diseases, contamination, toxic chemical bioaccumulation, the release of residual water, and eutrophication in ecosystems adjacent to aquaculture facilities (Bao, Zhu, Jin, & Ye, 2018; Boyd & Massaut, 1999; Erondu & Anyanwu, 2005). Simultaneously, all production systems depend on natural resources, with several environmental and social impacts (Troell et al., 2014), such as increased land use for food production, soil degradation, and high demand for water resources and fossil fuels (Gomiero, 2016).…”

A future vision for disease control in shrimp aquaculture

“…A recently published meta‐analysis concluded that their use was efficacious in improving shrimp survival, specific growth rate, and feed conversion ratio (Toledo, Frizzo, Signorini, Bossier, & Arenal, ). Nor does it include specific discussion on biofloc technology, which may be considered a multi‐trophic variation in the area of probiotics (Ahmad, Rani, Verma, & Maqsood, ; Avnimelech, ; Bao, Zhu, Jin, & Ye, in press; Emerenciano, Martínez‐Córdova, Martínez‐Porchas, & Miranda‐Baeza, ; Kathia, del Carmen, Aida, Jorge, & Daniel, ; Martínez‐Córdova, Emerenciano, Miranda‐Baeza, & Martínez‐Porchas, ; Neori, Shpigel, & Guttman, ).…”

Co‐culture of shrimp with commercially important plants: a review

“…The generation of solids from aquaculture has generated serious problems, ranging from problems in animal welfare to negative effects on environmental quality and public health (Bao et al . 2019). Thus, several studies have been focused on the development of techniques for a good management of solids such as separation by physical methods (Boyd et al .…”