Generating Responses Immune in Cellular and Humoral Treatment With Epitope Spike, Epitope Envelope Protein, and Epitope Membrane Protein Sars-Cov-2, Honey, Saussurea Lappa, and Nigella Sativa

Prawiro, Sumarno Reto; Kusuma, Meike Tiya; Amiruddin, Reyhan; Sukmawati, Irma Nur; Kusnaningrum, Yuyun; Nadarajah, Jayshri Davi S; Anam, Khoirul; Raras, Tri Yudani Mardining; Winarsih, Sri

doi:10.21010/ajid.v15i2s.3

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 22 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…Currently, we found no studies that prove the effectiveness of Saussurea lappa immunomodulating effect in candidiasis infection. Research on immunomodulating effect of Saussurea lappa combined with honey and Nigella sativa was carried out against SARS-COV-2 virus, and found that the combination increased components of immune system which also have a role against fungal pathogens, namely Th17, IL -17A, and β-defensins [18]. Therefore, this may also have to be considered as other potential mechanism of Saussurea lappa root extract in modulating immune system against Candida albicans.…”

Section: Possible Antifungal Mechanism Of Saussurea Lappamentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Antifungal Potential of Qusthul Hindi (Saussurea lappa) Root against Candida albicans: A Systematic Review

Nastiti,

Syakdiyah,

Imansari

2023

J. Sains Kes.

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Candida albicans is a microflora fungal species that can be invasive in immunocompromised conditions. Challenges in its therapy include antifungal drug resistance, which encourages research to find natural ingredients to help treat fungal infections caused by Candida albicans. One of the natural ingredients empirically known to be useful as an antimicrobial is Saussurea lappa, as known as Qusthul Hindi. This study aims to review previous studies to find out the antifungal activity of this plant root extract against Candida albicans. The method used is a systematic review, by identifying, sorting, and reviewing scientific publications, particularly research articles in the specified database and time period. A few qualified scientific publications were then reviewed, and it was found that all these studies proved the antifungal activity of Saussurea lappa root extract in vitro. Saussurea lappa root provides potential to inhibit Candida albicans in vitro. However, scientific publications have not been found regarding the Saussurea lappa root extract in modulating immunity under conditions of fungal infection, nor has it been tested against Candida albicans in vivo. Therefore, further research is required to be able to utilize Saussurea lappa root in the treatment of human fungal infection.

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Section: Possible Antifungal Mechanism Of Saussurea Lappamentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Antifungal Potential of Qusthul Hindi (Saussurea lappa) Root against Candida albicans: A Systematic Review

Nastiti,

Syakdiyah,

Imansari

2023

J. Sains Kes.

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Shigella flexneri vaccine development: Oral administration of peptides derived from the 49.8 kDa pili protein subunit activates the intestinal immune response in mice

et al. 2022

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Background and Aim: The morbidity and mortality of Shigella infections remain a global challenge. Epitope-based vaccine development is an emerging strategy to prevent bacterial invasion. This study aimed to identify the ability of the 49.8 kDa pili subunit adhesin protein epitope of Shigella flexneri to induce an intestinal immune response in mice. Materials and Methods: Thirty adult male Balb/c mice were divided into a control group, cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) group, CTB+QSSTGTNSQSDLDS (pep_1) group, CTB+DTTITKAETKTVTKNQVVDTPVTTDAAK (pep_2) group, and CTB+ ATLGATLNRLDFNVNNK (pep_3). We performed immunization by orally administering 50 μg of antigen and 50 μl of adjuvant once a week over 4 weeks. We assessed the cellular immune response by quantifying T helper 2 (Th2) and Th17 using flow cytometry. In addition, we assessed the humoral immune response by quantifying interleukin (IL-4), IL-17, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), and β-defensin using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis test. Results: Peptide oral immunization increases the cellular immune response as reflected by the increase of Th2 (p=0.019) and Th17 (p=0.004) cell counts, particularly in the CTB_pep_1 group. Humoral immune response activation was demonstrated by increased IL-4 levels, especially in the CTB+pep_3 group (p=0.000). The IL-17 level was increased significantly in the CTB+pep_1 group (p=0.042). The mucosal immune response was demonstrated by the sIgA levels increase in the CTB+pep_3 group (p=0.042) and the β-defensin protein levels (p=0.000). Conclusion: All selected peptides activated the cellular and humoral immune responses in the intestine of mice. Further studies are necessary to optimize antigen delivery and evaluate whether the neutralizing properties of these peptides allow them to prevent bacterial infection.

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Roles of Anti-Inflammatory Active Ingredients of Saussurea costus in Silico approach as Adjuvant Therapy in COVID-19 Cases

Prabowo

Raras

Lusida

et al. 2023

RJPT

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SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) remains a very high risk to this date. The COVID-19 mortality rate is relatively high since it potentially causes various complications and cytokine storms, thereby increasing the mortality rate of those infected. Consumption of healthy food/drink is one of the means to boost the immune system and prevent COVID-19 infection. One of the interesting plants to use in this case is Saussurea costus. This plant contains active ingredients that can serve as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antibacterial, antiseptic, antifungal agents, etc. However, studies on the role of the active ingredients as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat COVID-19, prevent cytokine storms, and improve COVID-19 patient outcomes are rarely found. In this in silico study, a total of 75 compounds in Saussurea costus were analized and five of which showed the greatest potential as the drug candidates, namely isoalantolactone, isozaluzanin C, arbusculin a, β-costic acid, and picriside B. Three target proteins were utilized in this study, including IL-6R, NFKB1, and TNFR1. The ligand samples were minimized before the molecular simulation process, and then the target proteins were sterilized. Furthermore, biological activity tests were conducted on the (anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant) drug candidate compounds, followed by a druglikeness analysis, and ended with blind dockings to screen the potential compounds of the natural ingredients. The analysis of the docking results was performed using LigPlot+. The analysis results signified that according to the predicted probability with medium confidence (Pa > 0.3), all of the drug candidate compounds of Saussurea costus in silico indicated biological activities as anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agents, which could be categorized as drug-like molecules. In addition, the molecular docking analysis results in this study suggested that the five active compounds of Saussurea costus showed an affinity for the aforementioned target proteins. Among the five active compounds, picriside B had the lowest binding affinity for IL-6R, NFKB1, and TNFR1, with total energies of -6.3kcal/mol, - 6.5kcal/mol, and -9.0 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, picriside B also demonstrated the most interactions with all of the target proteins. This compound was able to form hydrophobic and hydrogen bonds with the three target proteins. The other four active compounds could be potentially utilized as adjuvant therapy for COVID-19 because these compounds had an affinity for and many chemical bond interactions with the three target proteins.

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Generating Responses Immune in Cellular and Humoral Treatment With Epitope Spike, Epitope Envelope Protein, and Epitope Membrane Protein Sars-Cov-2, Honey, Saussurea Lappa, and Nigella Sativa

Cited by 3 publications

References 22 publications

Exploring Antifungal Potential of Qusthul Hindi (Saussurea lappa) Root against Candida albicans: A Systematic Review

Exploring Antifungal Potential of Qusthul Hindi (Saussurea lappa) Root against Candida albicans: A Systematic Review

Shigella flexneri vaccine development: Oral administration of peptides derived from the 49.8 kDa pili protein subunit activates the intestinal immune response in mice

Roles of Anti-Inflammatory Active Ingredients of Saussurea costus in Silico approach as Adjuvant Therapy in COVID-19 Cases

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