Generalized Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Individual Tree Diameter Increment Models for Beech Forests in Slovakia

Abstract

Individual tree growth and yield models precisely describe tree growth irrespective of stand complexity and are capable of simulating various silvicultural alternatives in the stands with diverse structure, species composition, and management history. We developed both age dependent and age independent diameter increment models using long-term research sample plot data collected from both monospecific and mixed stands of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in the Slovak Republic. We used diameter at breast height (DBH) as a main predictor and other characteristics describing site quality (site index), stand development stage (dominant height and stand age), stand density or competition (ratio of individual tree DBH to quadratic mean diameter), species mixture (basal area proportion of a species of interest), and dummy variable describing stand management regimes as covariate predictors to develop the models. We evaluated eight versatile growth functions in the first stage using DBH as a single predictor and selected the most suitable one, i.e., Chapman-Richards function for further analysis through the inclusion of covariate predictors. We introduced the random components describing sample plot-level random effects and stochastic variations on the diameter increment, into the models through the mixed-effects modelling. The autocorrelation caused by hierarchical data-structure, which is assumed to be partially reduced by mixed-effects modelling, was removed through the inclusion of the parameter accounting for the autoregressive error-structures. The models described about two-third parts of a total variation in the diameter increment without significant trends in the residuals. Compared to the age independent mixed-effects model (conditional coefficient of determination, R c 2 = 0.6566; root mean square error, RMSE = 0.1196), the age dependent model described a significantly larger proportion of the variations in diameter increment ( R c 2 = 0.6796, RMSE = 0.1141). Diameter increment was significantly influenced differently by covariate predictors included into the models. Diameter increment decreased with the advancement of stand development stage (increased dominant height and stand age), increasing intraspecific competition (increased basal area proportion of European beech per sample plot), and diameter increment increased with increasing site quality (increased site index) and decreased competition (increased ratio of DBH to quadratic mean diameter). Our mixed-effects models, which can be easily localized with the random effects estimated from prior measurement of diameter increments of four randomly selected trees per sample plot, will provide high prediction accuracies. Our models may be used for simulating growth of European beech irrespective of its stand structural complexity, as these models have included various covariate variables describing both tree-and stand-level characteristics, thinning regimes, except the climate characteristics. Together with other forest models, our models will be used as inputs to the growth simulator to be developed in the future, which is important for decision-making in forestry.

Modelling Individual Tree Diameter Growth of Quercus mongolica Secondary Forest in the Northeast of China

“…The model ( 13) has 10 parameters (a 1 -a 10 ), therefore, there will be 58,236 different combinations by introducing random effects of tree species and sample plots into the parameters, and each combination forms a mixed effect model of diameter growth. In order to find the best combination of random effects of tree species and sample plots, the covariance matrix [47] of random effects of tree species and sample plots was set as diagonal matrix due to the convergence of mixed effects model.…”

Effect of game browsing on natural regeneration of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests in the Krušné hory Mts. (Czech Republic and Germany)

“…In addition, in mixed stands, beech can achieve higher production potential, stability and resistance to extreme weather fluctuations, drought and climate change (Schäfer et al 2017;Pretzsch et al 2021;Vacek et al 2021). In later stages of growth, tending has a great importance from the silvicultural point of view (Remeš et al 2015;Štefančík 2017Sharma et al 2019b). In the submontane and mountain areas forest regeneration is often damaged by ungulates -browsing, bark stripping and fraying (Rooney 2001;Vacek et al 2018;Cukor et al 2019;Gallo et al 2020b;Prokůpková et al 2020;Vacek et al 2020a).…”

Qualitative and value production of tree species in mixed spruce-fir-beech stands under the conditions of the Western Carpathians

“…Plots are situated in the 5th and 6th forest altitudinal zone with an average annual temperature of 4.2-6.8 °C and an average annual precipitation between 900 and 1200 mm. The age of tree species (stands) at the time of the PRP establishing ranged from 15 to 80 years and/or 61-132 years at the last evaluation (Sharma et al 2019). Tree species proportion on PRPs is in a wide range (Table 1).…”

“…The research of mixed stands focused mainly on monitoring the height or diameter growth of individual tree species (Künstle 1962;Monserud & Sterba 1996;Petráš et al 2014a;Sharma et al 2019). Attention was also paid to the evaluation of results of volume production Editor: Jiří Novák *Corresponding author.…”