Generalized equations for predicting body density of women

Jackson, Andrew S.; Pollock, Michael L.; Ward, Ann

doi:10.1249/00005768-198023000-00009

Cited by 1,263 publications

(934 citation statements)

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“…It is notable that the thigh skinfold is included as one of the three skinfolds used in the commonly used generalized equations of Jackson and Pollock (1978) for men and Jackson et al (1980) for women. One of the most recent studies to observe the strong predictive properties of the lower limb skinfolds to predict %fat is the study of van der Ploeg et al (2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This has been observed using a variety of criterion methods, for example, hydrodensitometry (in adults- Jackson & Pollock, 1978;Jackson et al, 1980;Eston et al, 1995;in children-Slaughter et al, 1988;Eston & Powell, 2003); cadaver dissection (Martin et al, 1985;Clarys et al, 1987), ultrasound (Eston et al, 1994); dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (Stewart & Hannan, 2000) and a four compartment model of body composition (van der Ploeg et al, 2003). The correlation between subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue volume and thigh fat volume (assessed by magnetic resonance imaging) is also reported to be greater than the corresponding correlation for the sum of the biceps, triceps, subscapular and iliac crest (Eliakim et al, 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Prediction of DXA-determined whole body fat from skinfolds: importance of including skinfolds from the thigh and calf in young, healthy men and women

et al. 2005

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Objective: To investigate the relationship of percent body fat (%fat), assessed by dual energy-X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or a four-compartment model, with upper body and lower limb skinfolds. Design: Cross-sectional design involving forward stepwise and hierarchical multiple regression analyses to assess the relationship of %fat with skinfolds and a combination of four commonly used upper body skinfolds (biceps, triceps, subscapular and iliac crest) with the calf and thigh skinfolds. Setting: University research laboratory. Subjects: In all, 31 females, mean age 20.9 (72.0) y, and 21 males, mean age 22.3 (75.5) y volunteered for this study, which was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor. Measurements: %fat from DXA in both groups, and %fat from a four-compartment (water, bone mineral mass, fat and residual) model (%fat4C) in females only. Skinfolds were measured at the abdomen, iliac crest, biceps, triceps, subscapular, calf and thigh. Results: All skinfolds were positively associated with DXA estimates of %fat (Po0.01). In males and females, the thigh skinfold had the highest correlation with %fat. This was also observed when %fat4C was used as the criterion in females. Stepwise multiple regression analysis using %fatDXA as the criterion selected the thigh (R 2 ¼ 0.82), calf (R 2 change 0.04) and iliac crest (R 2 change ¼ 0.03) for females, and the thigh (R 2 ¼ 0.79), iliac crest (R 2 change ¼ 0.11) and abdomen (R 2 change ¼ 0.03) for males (all Po0.01). When %fat4C was used as the criterion in the females, only the thigh was selected as a significant predictor (R 2 ¼ 0.76). Independent prediction factors were created from the sum of biceps, triceps, subscapular and iliac crest ( P 4skf) and from the sum of the thigh and calf ( P thigh þ calf). These factors were then entered into a hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis to predict percent fat. Order of entry was varied to allow the assessment of unique variance accounted for by each predictor. The sum of the thigh and calf explained more variance in %fatDXA than that explained by the P 4skf alone, irrespective of the order of entry in both males and females. This was also observed when %fat4C was used as the criterion in the females. Conclusions:The results of this study confirm that lower body skinfolds are highly related to percent body fat in fit and healthy young men and women, and uphold current recommendations by the British Olympic Association to include the thigh skinfold with P 4skf. Conventional use of the P 4skf to estimate percent body fat is significantly enhanced by the inclusion of the thigh and calf skinfolds, either independently or in combination. In this group of males and females, the sum of the thigh and calf skinfolds accounted for the most variance in percent fat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Prediction of DXA-determined whole body fat from skinfolds: importance of including skinfolds from the thigh and calf in young, healthy men and women

et al. 2005

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“…Their pioneering research in this area has made the creation of an updated equation much easier. In an earlier study on women (Ball et al, in press), we adopted predictors from the Jackson et al (1980) study with great success and were able to create a new and improved equation. We employed the same approach here and not surprisingly the same variables used in their 7-site equation entered into our equation.…”

Section: New Generalizable Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of anthropometry to DXA: a new prediction equation for men

2004

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Objective: This study compared three professionally recommended anthropometric body composition prediction equations for men to dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and then developed an updated equation, DXA Criterion (DC) from DXA. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Exercise Physiology Lab. University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. Subjects: A total of 160 men aged 18-62 y old. Interventions: Percent body fat (%BF) by anthropometry was compared to DXA on the same day. Results: Although %BF was significantly correlated (r ¼ 0.923-0.942) (Po0.01) with DXA for all three equations, each equation underestimated %BF (range ¼ 3.1-3.3%) (Po0.01) compared to DXA. The following DC equation for men was created: %BF ¼ 0.465 þ 0.180(S7SF)À0.0002406(S7SF) 2 þ 0.06619(age); (S7SF ¼ sum of chest, midaxillary, triceps, subscapular, abdomen, suprailiac, thigh; age ¼ years). The predicted residual sum of squares (PRESS) R 2 was high (0.90) and the PRESS standard error of estimates was excellent (2.2% at the mean) for the DC equation when applied to our sample of 160 men. Conclusions: The currently recommended anthropometric equations for men underestimate %BF compared to DXA. The DC equation yields a more accurate estimation of %BF in men aged 18-62 y old. The results from this study support the need for the current %BF standards and norms for men to be adjusted upward.

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“…The data presented suggest that the original skinfold thicknessbased equations of Durnin and Womersley (1974) (14) provide a more accurate result than the Jackson, Pollock and Ward (1980) (13) equations when estimating %BF. In all groups the DW equation had a lower CV RMSE (0·16) than the JPW equations when compared with ADP; of the three JPW equations the three-site equation had the lowest CV RMSE when compared with ADP in all three tests.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Design: A comparative study in which the equations of Durnin and Womersley (1974; DW) and Jackson, Pollock and Ward (1980) at three, four and seven sites (JPW 3 , JPW 4 and JPW 7 ) were validated against ADP in three groups. Group 1 included all participants, group 2 included participants with a BMI <25·0 kg/m 2 and group 3 included participants with a BMI ≥25·0 kg/m 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of anthropometric-based equations for estimation of body fat percentage in a normal-weight and overweight female cohort: validation via air-displacement plethysmography

Temple

Denis

Walsh

et al. 2014

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of the most commonly used anthropometricbased equations in the estimation of percentage body fat (%BF) in both normalweight and overweight women using air-displacement plethysmography (ADP) as the criterion measure. Design: A comparative study in which the equations of Durnin and Womersley (1974; DW) and Jackson, Pollock and Ward (1980) at three, four and seven sites (JPW 3 , JPW 4 and JPW 7 ) were validated against ADP in three groups. Group 1 included all participants, group 2 included participants with a BMI <25·0 kg/m 2 and group 3 included participants with a BMI ≥25·0 kg/m 2 . Setting: Human Performance Laboratory, Institute for Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Republic of Ireland. Subjects: Forty-three female participants aged between 18 and 55 years. Results: In all three groups, the %BF values estimated from the DW equation were closer to the criterion measure (i.e. ADP) than those estimated from the other equations. Of the three JPW equations, JPW 3 provided the most accurate estimation of %BF when compared with ADP in all three groups. Conclusion: In comparison to ADP, these findings suggest that the DW equation is the most accurate anthropometric method for the estimation of %BF in both normal-weight and overweight females.

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Generalized equations for predicting body density of women

Cited by 1,263 publications

References 0 publications

Prediction of DXA-determined whole body fat from skinfolds: importance of including skinfolds from the thigh and calf in young, healthy men and women

Prediction of DXA-determined whole body fat from skinfolds: importance of including skinfolds from the thigh and calf in young, healthy men and women

Comparison of anthropometry to DXA: a new prediction equation for men

Comparison of anthropometric-based equations for estimation of body fat percentage in a normal-weight and overweight female cohort: validation via air-displacement plethysmography

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