Generalized dynamic junction theory to resolve the mechanism of direct current generation in liquid-solid interfaces

Solares-Bockmon, Cristal; Lim, Aniqa Ibnat; Mohebinia, Mohammadjavad; Xing, Xinxin; Tong, Tian; Li, Xingpeng; Baldelli, Steven; Lee, T.R.; Wang, Wei; Liu, Zhaoping; Bao, Jiming

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107364

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This transfer continues until the Fermi levels of both materials align, resulting in a built-in electric field ( E bi ) and a voltage ( V bi ) across the materials ( Figure 3 a). The built-in voltage

is given by Equation (4)

where ϕ 1 and ϕ 2 are the material work functions of materials 1 and 2, respectively, and q is the elementary charge [ 22 , 39 , 40 , 54 ]. When the two materials are in static contact (i.e., contacted still), the equilibrium state is established, and the built-in electric field and voltage prevent further net charge transfer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, researchers have developed devices that convert mechanical energy from the movement of a water droplet in any direction within a layered structure composed of graphene, water, and a semiconductor [ 20 ], as well as the movement of water between two semiconductors [ 21 ]. A particularly interesting development is the dynamic junction theory proposed by Solares-Bocmon et al [ 22 ]. This theory explains the mechanism of the direct current generation at solid–liquid interfaces, which has important implications for the design and optimization of water-based energy harvesting devices.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhancing the Performance of Triboelectric Generator: A Novel Approach Using Solid–Liquid Interface-Treated Foam and Metal Contacts

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Polymers

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This work introduces a novel approach for enhancing the performance of a triboelectric generator (TEG) by using a solid–liquid interface-treated foam (SLITF) as its active layer, combined with two metal contacts of different work functions. SLITF is made by absorbing water into a cellulose foam, which enables charges generated by friction energy during the sliding motion to be separated and transferred through the conductive path formed by the hydrogen-bonded network of water molecules. Unlike traditional TEGs, the SLITF-TEG demonstrates an impressive current density of 3.57 A/m2 and can harvest electric power up to 0.174 W/m2 with an induced voltage of approximately 0.55 V. The device generates a direct current in the external circuit, eliminating the limitations of low current density and alternating current found in traditional TEGs. By connecting six-unit cells of SLITF-TEG in series and parallel, the peak voltage and current can be increased up to 3.2 V and 12.5 mA, respectively. Furthermore, the SLITF-TEG has the potential to serve as a self-powered vibration sensor with high accuracy (R2 = 0.99). The findings demonstrate the significant potential of the SLITF-TEG approach for efficiently harvesting low-frequency mechanical energy from the natural environment, with broad implications for a range of applications.

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is given by Equation (4)

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Performance of Triboelectric Generator: A Novel Approach Using Solid–Liquid Interface-Treated Foam and Metal Contacts

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…This photovoltaic-like DC generation theory, called the tribovoltaic effect, has been widely used to describe various dynamic solid-liquid interfaces. [7,23,24] Under the opencircuit state, the Fermi level of semiconductor and metal is no longer unified due to the accumulation of electrons and holes at two sides. Thus, an open-circuit voltage V oc can be detected after shaking the FLG, which is equal to the chemical potential difference between the metal and semiconductor.…”

Section: Working Mechanism Of the Flgmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[25] The recently reported works have pointed out that the interfacial electric field plays an important role in the tribovoltaic effect. [24,26,27] To further clarify the interface characteristics between the solid surface and liquid molecules, including bond formation, charge transfer, and induced dipole electric field, we have performed DFT calculations at an atomic scale. For the interface between liquid and semiconductor IGZO, we find that water molecules can form stable adsorption on IGZO surface with a charge transfer process, while n-hexane (C 6 H 14 ) is on the contrary, as shown in Figure 3c-e.…”

Section: Working Mechanism Of the Flgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Liquid‐Based Continuous Direct‐Current Tribovoltaic Generators Enable Self‐Powered Multi‐Modal Sensing

Huang

Liu

Gao

et al. 2022

Adv Funct Materials

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Flexible tribovoltaic direct-current (DC) generators are urgently expected by wearable applications. Traditional rigid contact-separation type tribovoltaic DC generators normally have non-ignorable friction loss and cannot sustain outstanding outputs. This hinders their serviceability in continuous motion scenarios. Here, flexible liquid-based DC generators (FLGs) with metalliquid-semiconductor indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) stack structures are reported. The FLG with Pt/H 2 O/IGZO structure delivers a peak short-circuit current density up to 2.3 µA cm −2 , a peak open-circuit voltage up to 620 mV, and a power density up to 0.1 µW cm −2 . The differences in the properties of different liquid-solid interfaces are studied by density functional theory, showing that the bond formation, charge-transfer-induced dipole electric field at the solid-liquid interface, and the built-in electric field are responsible for the generation and separation of electron-hole pairs to form continuous DC. The proposed FLG can keep excellent performance even after >5 × 10 4 shaking cycles or exposing to ambient conditions for 30 days, showing extraordinary stability. Besides charging capacitors or driving LEDs, the FLG is further demonstrated to work for self-powered multifunctional sensing, enabling pressure, position-posture, or temperature detections. This design offers potential solutions and novel possibilities for next-generation self-powered wearable electronics.

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“…At the same time, the ubiquitous ultraviolet light in the atmosphere, O 2 and O 3 also have obvious regulatory effects on CE [26,27]. CE can occur not only between solids, liquid-solid [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35], liquid-liquid [36], solid-gas, and liquid-gas [37,38], but also between the same materials even under the influence of curvature [39,40]. Some researchers also find ways to enhance the performance of TENG.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the contact electrification mechanism in semiconductor–semiconductor case by vertical contact-separation triboelectric nanogenerator

He¹,

Tian²,

Peng³

et al. 2023

Nanotechnology

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With the speed of industrialization accelerating, the traditional energy is in the predicament of being exhausted. Humans urgently need a clean energy to maintain the peace and development. Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) is a tiny device that collects and converts the renewable energy, such as wind, vibration and tidal/blue energy, into electrical energy. As the most significant working principle of TENG, contact electrification (CE) has been broadly studied since it was documented thousands of years ago. A large number of related researches are reported. However, most of them are focused on the polymer materials, device structures and potential applications. There are few literatures about the mechanism of CE, especially in the semiconductor-semiconductor case. Semiconductor-semiconductor CE is a promising method to generate electricity, which has been used in many fields, such as the photodetector and displacement sensor. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a serious and detailed theory in order to deeply explain the underlying mechanisms of semiconductor-semiconductor CE. In this work, a novel Fermi level model based on energy band theory is proposed to illustrate the semiconductor-semiconductor CE mechanism. By assembling a ZnO/Si vertical contact-separation (CS) mode TENG, the charge transfer introduced by CE is systematically measured. According to the energy band theory and TENG governing equation, the experimental data is qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Moreover, the effects of different concentrations of growth solutions on the morphology of ZnO nanowires and the Fermi level difference between ZnO and Si are explored as well. Results show that it is the Fermi level difference that dominates the short circuit transfer charge amount and direction of semiconductor-semiconductor CE mechanism. Our work can be applied to understand the CE mechanism in semiconductor-semiconductor case and broaden the application prospects of semiconductor-based TENG.

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Generalized dynamic junction theory to resolve the mechanism of direct current generation in liquid-solid interfaces

Cited by 6 publications

References 40 publications

Enhancing the Performance of Triboelectric Generator: A Novel Approach Using Solid–Liquid Interface-Treated Foam and Metal Contacts

Enhancing the Performance of Triboelectric Generator: A Novel Approach Using Solid–Liquid Interface-Treated Foam and Metal Contacts

Flexible Liquid‐Based Continuous Direct‐Current Tribovoltaic Generators Enable Self‐Powered Multi‐Modal Sensing

On the contact electrification mechanism in semiconductor–semiconductor case by vertical contact-separation triboelectric nanogenerator

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