Generalized active disturbance rejection controller design: Application to hybrid microgrid with communication delay

Hybrid cyber-attack compensation of sustainable microgrid using active disturbance rejection control strategy

“…The open communication channels of the microgrid are prone to the risks and threats of time delay. It is mathematically modelled as [19,27] ufalse(tfalse)=−kxfalse(t−τfalse),where τ represents the delay in the control input.…”

“…The open communication channels of the microgrid are prone to the risks and threats of time delay. It is mathematically modelled as [19,27] u(t) = −kx(t − τ ), (2.12) where τ represents the delay in the control input. Remark 1: Injecting multiple types of attacks simultaneously in a microgrid, such as FDI, DoS and TDA, requires a coordinated and strategic approach.…”

“…The stability analysis of the modified ADRC strategy is performed by evaluating the TDF-IMC [27,29] of the modified ADRC. The stability of the complete mathematical model of the system is ensured if the individual transfer functions in matrix µ are stable.…”

“…The occurrence of time delays in the system leads to a loss of synchronization between the inputs of ESO. This problem is addressed in [19,25,27,28], where the control input is also delayed in maintaining the synchronism between the control input and plant output. The two degree of freedom internal model control structure (TDF-IMC) for the LFC issue is discussed in [29].…”

Predictive generalised active disturbance rejection for load frequency control with communication delay

“…The application of GADRC approach to time-delayed processes poses fundamental challenges as the presence of time delay leads to the loss of synchronisation between the inputs of the ESO. Therefore, the ADRC techniques have been modified for time-delayed systems, leading to the formulation of several techniques such as approximation of time delay by a transfer function, Smith predictor–based ADRC (SP-ADRC; Zhang et al, 2020; Zheng and Gao, 2014), predictive observer–based ADRC (PO-ADRC; Xue et al, 2016) and delay-designed ADRC (DD-ADRC; Chen et al, 2018; Fu, 2018; Fu and Tan, 2020; Jain and Hote, 2021b; Tan and Fu, 2015; Zhao and Gao, 2014). The DD-ADRC-based techniques involves the incorporation of delay in the path of control input before it feeds into the observer, while the SP-ADRC-based techniques are based on incorporation of an auxiliary structure named as Smith predictor to deal with the communication delay.…”