General Purpose Cement with Increased Limestone Content in Australia

Abstract

This paper discusses the effects of an increase in the maximum allowable limestone content of general purpose (GP) cement from 7.5 up to 12%. The substitution of a higher content of clinker with limestone will allow for a lower embodied energy and emissions associated with the manufacture of GP cement. Fresh and hardened properties of normal-grade concrete (N20 and N32) prepared with GP cement containing limestone contents in the range of 5 to 12% were investigated. The compliance of test results were checked and confirmed against the requirements of cement and concrete specifications. In addition, the test results were statistically examined, and no significant change in concrete properties was observed due to the change in limestone content. It is recommended that the allowable limestone content of GP cement be increased from 7.5 to 12%, resulting in an estimated 6% reduction in CO2eq emissions associated with cement manufacture.

Toward the best practice emissions reduction in an emerging economy: an analysis of cement manufacturing in Indonesia

“…The substitution of limestone for 10-12% of the composition of the final output does not decrease the quality of cement or concrete robustness. However, beyond that ratio, it can weaken the product and so increase the quantity needed to obtain the specific engineering strength expected (Mohammadi & South, 2016;Scrivener et al, 2018).…”

A Porous Stone Technique to Measure the Initial Water Uptake by Supplementary Cementitious Materials

“…On the other hand, in the presence of, e.g., metakaolin-type aluminosilicates and portlandite, the formation of calcium monocarboaluminate hydrate is energetically favourable [20][21][22]. The addition of non-heated limestone to cementitious materials is now common practice and has the advantage that it does not result in CO 2 liberation and additionally tends to improve the workability of concrete [23,24].…”