General fuel cell hybrid synergies and hybrid system testing status

Stall/surge dynamics of a multi-stage air compressor in response to a load transient of a hybrid solid oxide fuel cell-gas turbine system

“…Such surge events are often followed by compressor stall and highly dynamic and stressful compressor conditions that can cause a complete mechanical failure of th fuel cell, gas turbine and/or the entire hybrid system. Researchers at the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) have showed the benefits of compressor bleed and cold air bypass for controlling the compressor mass flow rate during transient behavior [16]. The HYPER hybrid system simulation facility was able to emulate hybrid systems in the range of 300 kWe900 kW.…”

“…Previously, MTG technology has been demonstrated as integrated with a high temperature SOFC and MCFC. In a given size class FC-GT hybrid power systems posses the highest efficiency and lowest emissions of all fossil fueled power plants [16]. In the future, SOFC-GT hybrid systems are one of the most promising technologies for meeting US Department of Energy (DOE) goals [17] for: 1) higher energy efficiency, 2) lower environmental pollution, 3) electricity at a competitive cost, and 4) integration with CO 2 capture and sequestration strategies.…”

Advanced Power Generation Technologies: Fuel Cells

“…Examples of Type-2 hybrid systems are designs that combine a fuel cell with wind or solar power generation systems which integrate the operating characteristics of the individual units such as their availability of power. By definition, proposed by Winkler et al (2006), any combination of a fuel cell and a heat engine can be considered as fuel cell hybrid system. Therefore, a hybrid cycle can be any combination of SOFC and gas turbine, steam and gas turbine combined cycle power plant (CCPP), steam turbine, coal integrated gasification (IG), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), and application in combined cooling and/or heating, and power (CCHP/CHP) cycles.…”

Experimental and theoretical evidence for control requirements in solid oxide fuel cell gas turbine hybrid systems

“…These societal issues, coupled with the ever growing demands of an energy intensive lifestyle, highlight the insufficiencies of current power generation technologies. Hybrid solid oxide fuel cell/gas turbine (SOFC/GT) technology is a continuous generation technology that offers the possibility of higher efficiency combined with lower emissions [1][2][3][4]. Commercialization of advanced hybrid SOFC/GT technology requires considerable improvement of core component (e.g., pressurized SOFC) performance, system integration, and dynamical control [5][6][7].…”

“…Some feedback can be beneficial and improve stability; other feedback requires constant control action to maintain operating limits. Because of these complexities, significant previous and ongoing research has developed and applied dynamic modeling to SOFC/GT technology to analyze system behavior, transient performance, and load following capability [2,5,6,8,9,22,25,26].…”