General and Specialized Media Routinely Employed for Primary Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens of Fishes

Starliper, Clifford E.

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-44.1.121

Cited by 7 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Y. ruckeri , the cause of redmouth disease principally to rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss [22] , was specifically chosen for increased pH evaluations due to it’s high-pH tolerance [38] . This provided a robust evaluation of increased pH as a potential effective bactericidal agent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quenching of the medium’s color from the desired blue-green to yellow (i.e., decreased pH) masked the differentiation of the bacterial colonies based on carbohydrate utilization. In addition to use of the correct bromthymol blue concentration, the solution to the medium color problem was to adjust the pH of the medium “to color”, which resulted in pH 9.0–9.5 [38] . This adjustment also aids the primary recovery of Y. ruckeri from fish because the high pH of SW is selective against some contaminating bacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bactericidal efficacy of elevated pH on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria

Starliper

Watten

2013

Journal of Advanced Research

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Ship ballast water is a recognized medium for transfer and introductions of nonindigenous species. There is a need for new ballast water treatment methods that effectively and safely eliminate or greatly minimize movements of these species. The present study employed laboratory methods to evaluate the bactericidal efficacy of increased pH (pH 10.0–12.0) for exposure durations of up to 72 h to kill a variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria including fish pathogens (Aeromonas spp., Yersinia ruckeri, Edwardsiella ictaluri, Serratia liquefaciens, Carnobacterium sp.), other common aquatic-inhabitant bacteria (Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp.) and indicators listed in International Maritime Organization D2 Standards; namely, Vibrio cholera (an environmental isolate from fish), Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis. Volumes of 5 N NaOH were added to tryptic soy broth to obtain desired pH adjustments. Viable cells were determined after 0, 4, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h. Initial (0 h) cell numbers ranged from 3.40 × 104 cfu/mL for Bacillus sp. to 2.44 × 107 cfu/mL for E. faecalis. The effective endpoints of pH and treatment duration necessary to realize 100% bactericidal effect varied; however, all bacteria tested were killed within 72 h at pH 12.0 or lower. The lowest parameters examined, 4 h at pH 10.0, were bactericidal to V. cholera, E. ictaluri, three of four isolates of E. coli, and (three of four) Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida. Bactericidal effect was attained at pH 10.0 within 12 h for the other A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, and within 24 h for P. fluorescens, and the remaining E. coli.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bactericidal efficacy of elevated pH on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria

Starliper

Watten

2013

Journal of Advanced Research

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“…Various agar media have been formulated to culture fish pathogens, including general media to culture a broad range of potential pathogens, and specialized media (selective/differential) to target specific pathogens. The specialized media are typically formulated with selective agents to promote growth of target bacteria, inhibitor agents to stop the growth of other bacteria, and color indicator to differentiate Research target bacteria [86]. A few commercial media for fish pathogens are shown in Figure 6.…”

Section: 2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensors, Biosensors, and Analytical Technologies for Aquaculture Water Quality

Sutarlie

Loh

2020

Research

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In aquaculture industry, fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants are cultivated in fresh, salt, or brackish waters. The increasing demand of aquatic products has stimulated the rapid growth of aquaculture industries. How to effectively monitor and control water quality is one of the key concerns for aquaculture industry to ensure high productivity and high quality. There are four major categories of water quality concerns that affect aquaculture cultivations, namely, (1) physical parameters, e.g., pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, and salinity, (2) organic contaminants, (3) biochemical hazards, e.g., cyanotoxins, and (4) biological contaminants, i.e., pathogens. While the physical parameters are affected by climate changes, the latter three are considered as environmental factors. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of sensors, biosensors, and analytical technologies available for monitoring aquaculture water quality. They include low-cost commercial sensors and sensor network setups for physical parameters. They also include chromatography, mass spectrometry, biochemistry, and molecular methods (e.g., immunoassays and polymerase chain reaction assays), culture-based method, and biophysical technologies (e.g., biosensors and nanosensors) for environmental contamination factors. According to the different levels of sophistication of various analytical techniques and the information they can provide (either fine fingerprint, highly accurate quantification, semiquantification, qualitative detection, or fast screening), we will comment on how they may be used as complementary tools, as well as their potential and gaps toward current demand of real-time, online, and/or onsite detection.

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“…The primary difficulty encountered in the identification of bacterial fish pathogens is the isolation of bacteria. Fish differ from humans and terrestrial animals in that they are cold-blooded and live in a habitat with highly variable environmental conditions (i.e., freshwater versus seawater; Starliper 2008;Vartoukian et al 2010). The inoculation of samples taken from tissue or visceral organ lesions onto solid media and into liquid media is expected to result in bacterial growth.…”

Section: Phenotypic Approach Selective Media and Biochemical Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

General Assessment of Approaches to the Identification of Aquatic Bacterial Pathogens: A Methodological Review

2022

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In the evolving biosphere, pathogenic microorganisms that cause disease may undergo phenotypic changes. While some of these changes result in new variants or mutants, others lead to the emergence of novel pathogens. Such phenotypic changes as well as advances in technology and analytical methods and the identification of genomic sequences of microbial DNA have brought about new methodological approaches in the diagnosis of bacterial diseases. Although bacterial identification was originally based on phenotypic characteristics, later researchers claimed that bacteria could be accurately identified by only gene sequencing and generally by the sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene region. Currently, there is still disagreement between classical microbiologists and those using new genomic sequence technology over the best method for identification. Fish are cold‐blooded animals, and fish pathogens generally exhibit psychrophilic characteristics. Many bacterial identification systems that are used to identify mesophilic bacteria remain useless for identifying fish pathogens because the optimum incubation temperatures for mesophilic bacteria are 35–37°C. Bacteria that are pathogenic to piscine species require specific media for their cultivation at lower incubation temperatures (15–28°C), and this limits both their growth in culture and subsequent identification by phenotype‐based methods. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the isolation and identification of bacterial fish pathogens by optimal culture conditions, biochemical tests, colorimetric methods for rapid identification systems, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, and immunological and molecular methods, as well as an overview of the detection of uncultivable bacteria and the use of anamnesis. We conclude that the accurate identification of fish pathogens requires the use of different methods, including phenotype‐ and genotype‐based tests, and the evaluation of anamnesis.

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General and Specialized Media Routinely Employed for Primary Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens of Fishes

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Bactericidal efficacy of elevated pH on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria

Bactericidal efficacy of elevated pH on fish pathogenic and environmental bacteria

Sensors, Biosensors, and Analytical Technologies for Aquaculture Water Quality

General Assessment of Approaches to the Identification of Aquatic Bacterial Pathogens: A Methodological Review

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