In the field of fish physiology, the species‐specific parameters of blood, biochemistry, and hormones are especially unknown. The main reasons for this include difficulties in drawing blood from some fish species and nonstandardized blood reference values that change for fish weight, water temperature, and other environmental variables. Information and instructions for drawing blood from fish are limited, and there are few practical examples. Fish blood should be studied to determine metabolic disease and feeding disorders and also to improve rapid diagnostic kits for determining microbiologic diseases. This paper demonstrates methodologies for drawing blood from both aquarium and farmed fish and lists the advantages and disadvantages of each procedure, considering animal welfare and practicalities. Images and videos showing the different applications are also presented.

No abstract

The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and phylogenetic relationship of motile Aeromonas spp. that might be pathogenic species for rainbow trout in infected/mix infection cases (based upon different outbreaks on fish farms). A total of 99 motile Aeromonas isolates (and three reference strains) were analysed that were isolated from four different fish species in different sizes of fish (0.1–3,000 g), different months and water temperatures (6.1–21.2°C). The biochemical characteristics of the isolates were determined using conventional tests and a rapid test kit. Additionally, molecular identification was performed using the gyrB housekeeping gene region and with glycerophospholipid‐cholesterol acyltransferase polymerase chain reaction (GCAT‐PCR). The sequencing results obtained from the gyrB gene region were deposited in the GenBank database, and phylogenetic relationships were determined with the BioNumerics 7.6 database. Nearly half of the Aeromonas isolates that were isolated from rainbow trout showing signs of disease were determined to be possible infectious agents. Aeromonas species exhibit biochemical variability for many characters, so some Aeromonas species tested negative for GCAT‐PCR despite that this test was created especially for Aeromonas identification. The phylogenetic tree based upon gyrB contained 10 different phylogroups that were based on 96% cut‐off value in gyrB gene region.

SummaryIn this study, phenotypic and genotypic features of 10 L. garvieae strains isolated from rainbow trout farms were examined with 3 reference strains (Spain, England and ATCC 43921) comperativly. Rapid 32 STREP and conventional microbiologic tests were used for determining phenotipic features of L. garvieae strains. Altough there are diff erences, in Rapid 32 STREP system, between strains in terms of β-Glucuronidase, D-ribose, sorbitol, lactose, raffinose, alanyl-phenylalanyl-proline arylamidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, hippurate hydrolysis, urease tests, all strains have been confirmed as L. garvieae by API web. In RAPD PCR analysis, in which ERIC 2 primer is used, L. garvieae isolates were genotyped within 3 separate clusters according to similarity coefficient index of 70%, and it was detected that a vast majority of isolates with Turkey-origin (8 isolates) belongs to predominant type LG1 genotype. In addition to this, antimicrobial tests of L. garvieae strains shows that there are resistance against gentamycin, neomycin, lincomycin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, amoxicillin, fl orfenicol and doxycycline, which are frequently used on fish in our country. Keywords: Oncorhynchus mykiss, Lactococcus garvieae, Rapid32 STREP, RAPD PCR, Antimicrobial sensitivity Lactococcus garvieae Suşlarının Fenotipik, Genotipik Karakterizasyonu ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılıklarının Belirlenmesi ÖzetAraştırmada, gökkuşağı alabalığı işletmelerinden izole edilmiş olan 10 adet Lactococcus garvieae suşunun 3 adet referans suşla (İspanya, İngiltere ve ATCC 43921) karşılaştırmalı olarak fenotipik ve genotipik özellikleri incelenmiştir. L. garvieae suşlarının fenotipik özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde konvansiyonel mikrobiyolojik ve Rapid 32 STREP testleri kullanılmıştır. Rapid 32 STREP sistemde suşlar arasında β-Glucuronidase, D-ribose, sorbitol, lactose, raffinose, alanyl-phenylalanyl-proline arylamidase, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, hippurate hydrolysis, urease testleri yönüyle farklıklar olmasına rağmen API Web'de tüm suşlar L. garvieae olarak doğrulanmıştır. ERIC2 primerinin kullanıldığı RAPD PCR analizinde L. garveae izolatları %70 benzerlik katsayısına göre 3 farklı genotipe ayrılmış ve Türkiye kökenli izolatların büyük bir bölümü (8 izolat) predominant tip olan LG1 genotipine dahil olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bu çalışmada L. garvieae suşlarının antibiyotik duyarlılık testlerinde ülkemizde balıklarda sıklıkla kullanılan gentamisin, neomycin, lincomycin, sulphamethoxazoletrimetoprim, oksitetrasiklin, eritromycin, amoxycillin, fl orfenikol ve doksisiklin'e karşı direnç geliştirmiş oldukları belirlenmiştir.

In this study, we compared 142 Yersinia ruckeri isolates collected between 2013 and 2016 from 6 different regions in Turkey. A total of 18 different genogroups were found, though most of the isolates clustered into the same genogroup as serotype O1. As immunization of fish with inactivated Y. ruckeri by injection, immersion, or feeding provide minimal protection against Y. ruckeri infection in Turkey, many fish producers use antimicrobials unrestrictedly, resulting in antimicrobial resistance in aquatic pathogens. Accordingly, we investigated resistance to the antimicrobials most commonly used to treat yersiniosis. More than 80% of the Y. ruckeri isolates were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SXT), florfenicol (FFC), and tetracycline, whereas none were susceptible to sulfamethoxazole. The most commonly used antimicrobials (SXT and FFC) can be effectively administered because the resistance levels to these drugs are the lowest among those reported for agents used to control enteric red mouth disease (12.6 and 14.7%, respectively). In conclusion, to the best of our knowledge, this study is the first characterization of the antimicrobial resistance genes floR, sulI, tetC, tetD, and tetE in Y. ruckeri isolates from aquaculture. Additionally, we detected the sulII gene but not the tetA, tetB, tetM, tetS, or sulIII genes.

No abstract

No abstract

Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is a common pathogen of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Turkey. We found that 455 of 1,676 sample pools tested were IPNV positive. Positive samples were found in all geographical regions where sampling was conducted. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of VP2 from 30 isolates representing all regions showed that the viruses were highly similar in sequence and grouped within Genogroup 5 (serotype Sp-A2). No correlations between sequences, sampling sites or geographical origins were identified. Although clinical disease was evident in several farms, analyses of the amino acid sequence of VP2 showed that all virus strains harboured the P 217 T 221 motif, assumed to be associated with low virulence. We conclude that IPNV is prevalent in Turkish rainbow trout farms and that the viruses are very homogenous and likely to be of European origin. Frequent exchange of eggs and live fish within the farming industry may explain the homogeneity of the IPNV.