Gene expression changes during short day induced terminal bud formation in Norway spruce

In tree species native to temperate and boreal regions, the activity-dormancy cycle is an important adaptive trait both for survival and growth. We discuss recent research on mechanisms controlling the overlapping developmental processes that define the activity-dormancy cycle, including cessation of apical growth, bud development, induction, maintenance and release of dormancy, and bud burst. The cycle involves an extensive reconfiguration of metabolism. Environmental control of the activity-dormancy cycle is based on perception of photoperiodic and temperature signals, reflecting adaptation to prevailing climatic conditions. Several molecular actors for control of growth cessation have been identified, with the CO/FT regulatory network and circadian clock having important coordinating roles in control of growth and dormancy. Other candidate regulators of bud set, dormancy and bud burst have been identified, such as dormancy-associated MADS-box factors, but their exact roles remain to be discovered. Epigenetic mechanisms also appear to factor in control of the activitydormancy cycle. Despite evidence for gibberellins as negative regulators in growth cessation, and ABA and ethylene in bud formation, understanding of the roles that plant growth regulators play in controlling the activity-dormancy cycle is still very fragmentary. Finally, some of the challenges for further research in bud dormancy are discussed.

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“…2010), Pinus sylvestris (Scots pine; Joosen et al . 2006), P. abies (Asante et al . 2011), and P. glauca (El Kayal et al .…”

Section: Genetic and Genomic Approaches To Discovering New Genes Assomentioning

confidence: 99%

The dynamic nature of bud dormancy in trees: environmental control and molecular mechanisms

Cooke

Eriksson

Junttila

2012

Plant Cell & Environment

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570

513

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“…Constitutive expression of spruce FT -like genes in A. thaliana results in late flowering phenotypes, suggesting that the gymnosperm FT -like genes repress flowering similar to the A. thaliana FT paralog TFL1 (Klintenäs et al, 2012). In Norway spruce ( Picea abies ), PaFTL1 and PaFTL2 are up-regulated under short days and spring conditions, respectively (Gyllenstrand et al, 2007; Asante et al, 2011; Karlgren et al, 2011). Together these studies suggest independent recruitment of FT -like genes in angiosperm and gymnosperm bud set and bud burst.…”

Section: Endodormancymentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptation to seasonality and the winter freeze

Preston¹,

Sandve²

2013

Front. Plant Sci.

123

136

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Flowering plants initially diversified during the Mesozoic era at least 140 million years ago in regions of the world where temperate seasonal environments were not encountered. Since then several cooling events resulted in the contraction of warm and wet environments and the establishment of novel temperate zones in both hemispheres. In response, less than half of modern angiosperm families have members that evolved specific adaptations to cold seasonal climates, including cold acclimation, freezing tolerance, endodormancy, and vernalization responsiveness. Despite compelling evidence for multiple independent origins, the level of genetic constraint on the evolution of adaptations to seasonal cold is not well understood. However, the recent increase in molecular genetic studies examining the response of model and crop species to seasonal cold offers new insight into the evolutionary lability of these traits. This insight has major implications for our understanding of complex trait evolution, and the potential role of local adaptation in response to past and future climate change. In this review, we discuss the biochemical, morphological, and developmental basis of adaptations to seasonal cold, and synthesize recent literature on the genetic basis of these traits in a phylogenomic context. We find evidence for multiple genetic links between distinct physiological responses to cold, possibly reinforcing the coordinated expression of these traits. Furthermore, repeated recruitment of the same or similar ancestral pathways suggests that land plants might be somewhat pre-adapted to dealing with temperature stress, perhaps making inducible cold traits relatively easy to evolve.

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“…Freezeinduced electrolyte leakage provides a direct measure of seedling freezing tolerance (Lindström et al 2014); yet, development of freezing tolerance lags behind dormancy development (Weiser 1970;Fushigami and Nee 1987;Dormling 1993;Clapham et al 2001;Greer et al 2001;Holliday et al 2008), and so, its application is limited to several weeks after completion of SD treatment. Previous studies have investigated gene expression connected to dormancy and freezing tolerance induced by SD treatment of species such as Norway spruce (Asante et al 2011), Sitka spruce (Holliday et al 2008), and Douglas-fir (Balk et al 2008). In 2006, NSure (Wageningen, The Netherlands) marketed a testing procedure for Norway spruce (ColdNSure™).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-day photoperiods affect expression of genes related to dormancy and freezing tolerance in Norway spruce seedlings

Wallin

Gräns

Jacobs

et al. 2017

Annals of Forest Science

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Abstract& Key Message Gene expression analysis showed that prolonged short day (SD) treatment deepened dormancy and stimulated development of freezing tolerance of Picea abies seedlings. Prolonged SD treatment also caused later appearance of visible buds in autumn, reduced risks for reflushing, and promoted earlier spring bud break. & Context Short day (SD) treatment of seedlings is a common practice in boreal forest tree nurseries to regulate shoot growth and prepare the seedlings for autumn planting or frozen storage. & Aims The aim of this study was to examine responses of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) to a range of SD treatments of different length and evaluate gene expression related to dormancy induction and development of freezing tolerance. & Methods The seedlings were SD treated for 11 h a day during 7, 14, 21, or 28 days. Molecular tests were performed, and the expression profiles of dormancy and freezing tolerance-related genes were analyzed as well as determination of shoot growth, bud set, bud size, reflushing, dry matter content, and timing of spring bud break. & Results The 7-day SD treatment was as effective as longer SD treatments in terminating apical shoot growth. However, short (7 days) SD treatment resulted in later activation of dormancy-related genes and of genes related to freezing tolerance compared to the longer treatments which had an impact on seedling phenology. & Conclusion Gene expression analysis indicated an effective stimulus of dormancy-related genes when the SD treatment is prolonged for at least 1-2 weeks after shoot elongation has terminated and that seedlings thereafter are exposed to ambient outdoor climate conditions.

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Gene expression changes during short day induced terminal bud formation in Norway spruce

Cited by 29 publications

References 77 publications

The dynamic nature of bud dormancy in trees: environmental control and molecular mechanisms

The dynamic nature of bud dormancy in trees: environmental control and molecular mechanisms

Adaptation to seasonality and the winter freeze

Short-day photoperiods affect expression of genes related to dormancy and freezing tolerance in Norway spruce seedlings

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