Gender-Related Strategies in Environmental Development: Effects of Anxiety on Wayfinding in and Representation of a Three-Dimensional Maze

The Wayfinding Questionnaire as a Self-report Screening Instrument for Navigation-related Complaints After Stroke: Internal Validity in Healthy Respondents and Chronic Mild Stroke Patients

“…Firstly, 11 items covered multiple aspects related to the more general concepts of "navigation" and "orientation," which supports the notion of navigation ability as a complex cognitive capacity (Brunsdon et al, 2007;Wiener et al, 2009;Wolbers & Hegarty, 2010). Secondly, eight items concerned the emotional aspects associated with navigation, that is, experiencing anxious feelings when performing navigation tasks (Lawton, 1994(Lawton, , 1996 and feeling worried about getting lost (Schmitz, 1997). We consider the inclusion of the concept of "spatial anxiety" highly important, as it has been shown to affect navigation ability in a negative way (Schmitz, 1997;Walkowiak, Foulsham, and Eardley, 2015).…”

“…Secondly, eight items concerned the emotional aspects associated with navigation, that is, experiencing anxious feelings when performing navigation tasks (Lawton, 1994(Lawton, , 1996 and feeling worried about getting lost (Schmitz, 1997). We consider the inclusion of the concept of "spatial anxiety" highly important, as it has been shown to affect navigation ability in a negative way (Schmitz, 1997;Walkowiak, Foulsham, and Eardley, 2015). In addition, preliminary evidence suggests that spatial anxiety is not a situationspecific derivative of general anxiety.…”

“…Moreover, the WQ also takes the emotional aspects of navigation behavior, that is, "spatial anxiety," into account. Spatial anxiety denotes anxious feelings related to performing navigation tasks (Lawton, 1994(Lawton, , 1996 and worrying about getting lost (Schmitz, 1997). Spatial anxiety is a highly relevant concept in the context of navigation, as higher levels have been associated with less adequate and efficient navigation behavior (Walkowiak, Foulsham, and Eardley, 2015).…”

“…With the literature in mind, six domains were identified as relevant to general spatial ability: mental transformation, mental imagery, angle/distance estimation, orientation ability, navigational strategies, and spatial anxiety. In the next step, items were adapted from existing questionnaires (e.g., Blajenkova et al, 2006;Hegarty et al, 2002Hegarty et al, , 2006Lawton, 1994;Lawton & Kallai, 2002;Pazzaglia et al, 2000;Schmitz, 1997) or newly developed to cover the six domains that were judged to be relevant to spatial ability. The selection of items for inclusion in the WQ was based on whether the item addressed largescale spatial ability and not on the theoretical construct it covered.…”

The Implications of Field Worker Characteristics and Landscape Heterogeneity for Classification Correctness and the Completeness of Topographical Mapping

“…In addition, several studies have shown that people navigate their environment better when they feel safe [36,58,59]. In our study, however, field workers could choose their preferred landscapes; this means that if a worker did not feel confident or safe in the forested areas, then they were assigned to map open and built-up areas.…”