Gender perspective in the analysis of the relationship between health and work cessation, and how to deal with it

Abstract

The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between health and an early exit from paid employment in the Finnish, Polish, and Spanish populations. The authors have addressed the following 3 issues: who chooses not to work according to gender patterns, whether the health status is a determinant of being non-employed, and what diseases are associated with being non-employed. Material and Methods: The studied material consists of data from the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe (COURAGE in Europe) project. The analysis was based on a sample of 5868 individuals, including 1214 from Finland, 2152 from Poland and 2532 from Spain. In the paper, these data were complemented with the results of the PArticipation To Healthy Workplaces And inclusive Strategies in the Work Sector (PATHWAYS) project. Results: The results of the study revealed that self-rated health was a strong predictor of being non-employed for different reasons. Chronic diseases, such as arthritis, angina, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, depression and hypertension, were typically associated with an increased risk of being non-employed due to health problems and early retirement. Women more frequently reported arthritis and depression, while a higher proportion of men suffered from angina and diabetes. Conclusions: The results obtained by the authors highlight the importance of evaluating gender patterns in work cessation and, at the same time, the importance of gender-focused actions in terms of preventing withdrawal from the labor market. In principle, all chronic diseases have some impact on participation in the labor market. It is worth noting, however, that each of them affects workforce participation in a different manner, depending on the specific disease, country and gender. For this reason, tailored support to every individual's needs is highly recommended.

Differences in Life Expectancy Between Self-Employed Workers and Paid Employees when Retirement Pensioners: Evidence from Spanish Social Security Records

“…As expected, individuals in the sample live longer than the general population because one of the requirements for obtaining a retirement pension is to have contributed for at least 15 (currently 20) years, including at least 2 of the last 15 (20) years. This requirement is likely to exclude some of the most at-risk members of the Spanish population because of the strong correlation between labour force participation and health observed in various countries (Waldron, 2007;Urbanaviciute et al, 2019;Piłat et al, 2020). As mentioned earlier, disabled beneficiary and early retiree collectives with lower life expectancies than the general population were excluded from our sample.…”

Analysis of the Relationship between National Image Building and International Communication Ability from the Perspective of Ecology under the Media Environment

“…Therefore, when we shape the image of the country, we must not only pay attention to the reality and factual basis of the country itself, that is, the display of the real situation of the country, but also cannot ignore the subjective shaping. Table 1 shows the differences in the construction of national images [ 20 ].…”

[Mortality and life expectancy trends for male pensioners by pension income level]

“…As expected, those individuals included in the sample live longer than the general population because one of the requirements for obtaining a retirement pension is to have contributed for at least 15 (currently 20) years, including at least 2 of the last 15 (20) years. This is likely to exclude some of the most at-risk members of the population because of the strong correlation between labour force participation and health observed in various countries (Waldron, 2007;Urbanaviciute et al, 2019;Piłat, 2020). Disability pensioners and early retirees are also excluded.…”