Gender labeling, gender stereotyping, and parenting behaviors.

Fagot, Beverly I.; Leinbach, Mary Driver; O’Boyle, Cherie

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.225

Cited by 120 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The role of parental socialization should be investigated in this relationship. Indeed, the literature shows parents who espouse traditional gender orientations actively encourage and reward traditional gender-linked activities and pursuits in their sons and daughters (Fagot et al, 1992;Katz, 1996;Owen Blakemore, 1998, 2003. On the contrary, repeated symbolic modeling of egalitarian role pursuits by males and females enduringly reduces genderrole stereotyping in young children (Ochman, 1996;Serbin et al, 1993;Thompson and Zerbinos, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender stereotype conformity and age as determinants of preschoolers’ injury-risk behaviors

Granié¹

2010

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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Unintentional injuries continue to be a serious public-health problem for children and are higher for boys than for girls, from infancy through adulthood. Literature on differential socialization concerning risky behaviors and gender stereotypes suggests that sex differences in unintentional injuries could be explained by children's differential feedback to social pressure, leading to behaviors which conform to masculine and feminine stereotypes. We made the prediction that boys' and girls' conformity with masculine stereotypes influences injury-risk behaviors among preschoolers. Masculinity score, femininity score, and injury-risk behaviors of 170 3-6-year old children (89 boys and 81 girls) were measured indirectly on two scales filled out by their parents. Results show that boys' and girls' injury-risk behaviors are predicted by masculine stereotype conformity and that girls' masculine behaviors decline with increasing age. These results underline the impact of gender-roles - and of the differential socialization associated with those roles - on sex differences in children's risky behaviors as early as the preschool period.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender stereotype conformity and age as determinants of preschoolers’ injury-risk behaviors

Granié¹

2010

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…Thus, even children with similar cognitive maturity may develop different levels of GABs due to their different social environments. Because attributes associated with males are more valued than those related to females (Fagot, Leinbach, & O'Boyle, 1992;Martin, 1995;Sandnabba & Ahlberg, 1999), a growing awareness of this social inequality between males and females in older children may lead to the reduction of girl-typical behaviors and an increase in boy-typical behaviors for both boys and girls (Bem, 1993).…”

Section: Developmental Pattern Of Gabmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Atypical Behavior in Chinese School-Aged Children: Its Prevalence and Relation to Sex, Age, and Only Child Status

Winter

2011

J. of Sex Res.

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This study had three purposes: (a) to compare the prevalence of boys' and girls' gender-atypical behaviors (GABs) in a sample of Chinese school-aged children, (b) to examine the developmental pattern of GABs in Chinese boys and girls over the age range in question (6-12 years), and (c) to test the effects of being an only child on children's GAB expression. Parents of 486 boys and 417 girls completed a Child Play Behavior and Activity Questionnaire (CPBAQ) in regard to their own children, and a demographic information sheet. The frequency distribution for each gender-related behavior was calculated. The associations between sex, age, and only-child status, and CPBAQ scale scores were examined. Although most GABs (by their very nature) were exhibited infrequently in Chinese children, it was found that girls displayed GABs more frequently than boys did. The prevalence of GABs rose for girls as they grew older, but fell slightly for boys. The expressions of GABs in only children did not differ from that in children with siblings. Possible effects of Chinese culture (including the current only-child policy) on children's GABs are discussed.

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“…Men's concerns about appearing gay, feminine, or both can contribute to their stricter adherence to gender roles, whether the men are gay (Bergling 2001;Clarkson 2006;Loftin 2007;Sánchez et al 2009;Skidmore et al 2006) or heterosexual (Baker and Fishbein 1998;Bosson et al 2005;Glick et al 2007;Roese et al 1992). Note, however, that socialization to gender roles occurs for both sexes, and begins early (Fagot et al 1992). Consequently, men and women apply the same stereotype to a hypothetical gay man or to (generalized) ''gay men'' (Blashill and Powlishta 2009a;LaMar and Kite 1998).…”

Section: Gender Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

In the Eye of the Beholder: Knowledge that a Man is Gay Promotes American College Students’ Attributions of Cross-Gender Characteristics

Mitchell

Ellis²

2010

Sexuality & Culture

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In this study, we examine whether an actual (rather than hypothetical) man being labeled ''gay'' either by himself or by another influences American (US) undergraduates' attributions of the man's masculinity, femininity, and likeability, replicating (with refinements) a similar study from the 1970s. One hundred ninetytwo male and 591 female undergraduates, almost exclusively white, in Kentucky observed two gender-typical white men (one very masculine and the other of average masculinity, both low in femininity, both gay) play a word game on videotape; prior to playing, each man labeled either himself or the other man as either gay or adopted. Male participants rated the men as less masculine and more feminine than female participants, but the label used did not differentially influence male and female participants. Both male and female participants rated each man less masculine and more feminine when labeled gay than when the other man was labeled gay, and rated the more masculine man less masculine and more feminine when labeled gay than when labeled adopted. Whether either man was labeled by himself or by the other man, or whether either man was a labeler or in the presence of a self-labeler, had no effect on participants' ratings of the men's masculinity or femininity. Both men were rated as likeable across all conditions. While the stereotype of gay men as more feminine and less masculine than other men appears robust since the 1970 study, the dislike of gay men appears to have abated.

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Gender labeling, gender stereotyping, and parenting behaviors.

Cited by 120 publications

References 19 publications

Gender stereotype conformity and age as determinants of preschoolers’ injury-risk behaviors

Gender stereotype conformity and age as determinants of preschoolers’ injury-risk behaviors

Gender Atypical Behavior in Chinese School-Aged Children: Its Prevalence and Relation to Sex, Age, and Only Child Status

In the Eye of the Beholder: Knowledge that a Man is Gay Promotes American College Students’ Attributions of Cross-Gender Characteristics

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