Gender Gaps in Education

Bertocchi, Graziella; Bozzano, Monica

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_26-1

Cited by 20 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…It is also interesting to note that during this period, the share of females enrolled in higher education overcomes the number of males, giving a boost to the women's access to higher education (Graph 14). Thus, as remarked by the World Bank (2012) and Bertocchi and Bozzano (2019), an inverse bias is emerging in higher education in favor of women, whose enrollment rates have been exceeding those of men. Although in an international context the rate of total enrollment in higher education is still low, Colombia's gender parity index was very close to countries like Spain and Finland (Graph 40).…”

Section: A Educationmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…In the United (Goldin 2006). Nevertheless, as suggested by Bertocchi and Bozzano (2019), women continue at disadvantage, considering their apparent self-selection outside of the most lucrative fields of study in STEM and Economics.…”

Section: Graph 40mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, several studies have found that progress in women's education is linked with improvements in household income, labor participation, women's health, and the shift in preferences from child quantity to quality (see for example, Bertocchi and Bozzano, 2019;Psacharopoulos and Patrinos, 2004;World Bank, 2012). In Colombia, the increase in university enrollment has been reflected in the participation of women in the labor market, as explained later on.…”

Section: Graph 40mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, many women, anticipating the impossibility of long-term relationships, chose to advance motherhood or renounce to stable unions. Bertocchi and Bozzano (2019), based on a historical literature review, summarize the channels through which education affects women's fertility. For example, they stand out that education can reduce the desired number of children, as education puts women in touch with "more liberal norms" and gives them greater opportunities for participation in the workforce, increasing the opportunity cost of reducing labor participation.…”

Section: B Demographic Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Colombian women face, since many of them must fully assume care without the presence of the partner. It is also important to mention that several studies have modeled the relationship between long-term growth and the demographic transition from high to low fertility rates (see Galor and Weil 1996, 1999and Bertocchi and Bozzano, 2019). These models recognize the empowerment of women in the change from the "Malthusian" era to one of sustained growth (de la Croix and Donckt 2010).…”

Section: B Demographic Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

The path to gender equality in Colombia: Are we there yet?

Iregui-Bohórquez¹,

Melo-Becerra²,

Ramírez-Giraldo³

et al. 2020

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This document analyzes the historical process of women transformation in education, employment, fertility, civil rights and political participation in Colombia during the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Four stages of this transformation were identified in this article. The first stage, from 1905 to 1935, was characterized by high fertility and maternal mortality rates, low enrollment rates in education, low labor participation and few civil and political rights. In the second stage, between 1936 and 1965, high fertility rates and low labor participation continued to be observed; however, enrollment in education increased, although it was still low. During this stage, women achieved the right to vote and the right to be elected. The third stage, between 1966 and 1985, stood out for the demographic transition, for a greater education of women and for an increase in their labor participation. In the fourth stage, from 1985 to the present, there is a significant increase in the enrollment of women in higher education, exceeding that of men. Maternal mortality and fertility rates continued to decline, women's labor participation kept increasing, although since the beginning of the 21st century it stagnated, and the wage gender gap still persists. Also, a greater presence of women in politics is observed; however, they are a minority in this area. Finally, despite the progress made by women throughout the period analyzed, gender inequalities are still entrenched and persist over time, especially in labor and political participation.

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Section: A Educationmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Graph 40mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Graph 40mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Demographic Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Demographic Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The path to gender equality in Colombia: Are we there yet?

Iregui-Bohórquez¹,

Melo-Becerra²,

Ramírez-Giraldo³

et al. 2020

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Gender digital divide in education 4.0: A systematic literature review of factors and strategies for inclusion

Peláez‐Sánchez,

George Reyes,

Glasserman‐Morales

2023

Future in Educational Research

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The gender digital divide (GDD) is a phenomenon that refers to the inequalities and differences between men and women in accessing the digital ecosystem in various environments, such as the scenarios of Education 4.0. Bridging the GDD in access, use, and appropriation of technologies would promote the digital inclusion in spaces traditionally dominated by men. A systematic literature review was conducted using seven databases, considering Scopus and Web of Science. Through this, the factors with the most significant impact on the widening of this type of gap were identified. The findings suggest that the elements that limit the GDD are (a) access and use of technologies, (b) social barriers, and (c) gender stereotypes and roles. On the other hand, factors that need to be considered for the digital inclusion of women were identified as follows: (a) the mode of interaction with technologies, (b) digital competencies in Education 4.0, (c) the mode of technology‐mediated teaching and learning, (d) digital competencies in the workplace, and (e) digital participation. It is concluded that more digital inclusion strategies are needed to reduce the GDD, thus requiring greater participation from society and universities to achieve digital equity.

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Causal Evaluation of Educational Policies

Meier

Thomsen

2023

Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics

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Gender Gaps in Education

Cited by 20 publications

References 139 publications

The path to gender equality in Colombia: Are we there yet?

The path to gender equality in Colombia: Are we there yet?

Gender digital divide in education 4.0: A systematic literature review of factors and strategies for inclusion

Causal Evaluation of Educational Policies

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