Gender Equality in Pensions: What Role for Rights Accrued as a Spouse or a Parent?

Bonnet, Carole; Hourriez, Jean-Michel; Reeve, Paul

doi:10.3917/pope.1201.0123

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Many supposed attributes of cohabitation are cited to account for this difference: cohabitation is a less stable form of union (Osborne et al [2007]; Vanderschelden [2006]); cohabiting couples are less likely to have children (Poortmann & Mills [2012]; Perelli-Harris [2014]); cohabitation entails few legal responsibilities (Perelli-Harris & Gassen [2012]); cohabiting partners demand less of each other and hence their relationships are more egalitarian, for example in the sharing of domestic work (South & Spitze [1994]; Barg & Beblo [2012]; Dominguez-Folgueras [2012]; Bianchi et al [2014]; Kandil & Périvier [2017]); they have fewer tax advantages (Kabatek et al [2014]); a cohabiting partner has less protection in the event of separation (alimony, sharing of common wealth, etc.) or of the death of the other (survivor pension; Bonnet & Hourriez [2012]); they pool their resources less (Heimdal & Houseknecht [2003] [1995] shows that when five categories are specified (married, divorced, separated, widower, never married), a significant increase occurs in the value of the coefficient associated with the variable "married" in comparison to specifications that cover only two categories (i.e., married versus unmarried). All these factors are thought to lead to a less pronounced division of labor (Winkler [1997]; Baxter [2005]; El Lahga & Moreau [2007]).…”

Section: Wage Premiums and Penaltiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In France, as in many countries, the idea of extending these types of compensation to unmarried couples has been regularly considered and debated. For instance, the recurrent debate on extending survivors' pension benefits to registered partners or partners in a civil union has taken place in Germany, Great Britain, Finland, Norway and France (Conseil d'Orientation des Retraites [2008]; Bonnet & Hourriez [2012]). Extending spousal alimony has been recently discussed in Quebec, for example, in a recent report (Comité Consultatif sur le Droit de la Famille [2015]) that argues for the generalization of the system of alimony to all parental couples, regardless of their marital status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Wage Premium and Wage Penalty in Marriage versus Cohabitation

Bonnet¹,

Jeandidier²,

Solaz³

2018

Revue d'Économie Politique

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Empirical evidence has shown that married men generally earn more and married women earn less than their unmarried counterparts. However, the control group of "not married" differs between studies, over time and between countries, such that the message remains somewhat fuzzy. It is not clear whether the type of union or the fact of being in a union is responsible for these wage penalties and premiums. This article aims to analyze whether marriage pays more than cohabitation in a country such as France, where cohabiting and married partnerships have both coexisted for years. Thanks to a rich dataset with information on both the marital and work history of both partners, we are able to estimate the effect on hourly wages of being married relative to being in a cohabiting union. Taking into account selections into marriage (rather than cohabitation) and into the labor market with a possible differential in sharing of paid work within the couple, our results show that the men's marriage premium is due entirely to a positive selection into marriage. While the process of within-couple marital specialization strongly reduces a woman's hourly wage, there is no evidence of any additional marriage penalty for women. The within-couple gender wage gap is similar for married and cohabiting partners, after controlling for selection into marriage. marriage -cohabitation -specialization -marriage premium -earnings Primes et pénalités salariales au mariage versus à la cohabitationLes travaux empiriques montrent que les hommes mariés gagnent généralement plus que les autres et que les femmes mariées gagnent moins. Cependant, le groupe de contrôle des « non marié » diffère selon les études, dans le temps et entre les pays, si bien qu'il n'est pas aisé d'identifier si c'est le type d'union ou le fait d'être en couple qui est à l'origine de ces pénalités ou primes salariales. Cet article vise à analyser si les personnes mariées ont des salaires horaires différents des personnes en couple non marié, en France, pays dans lequel les deux formes d'unions coexistent depuis longtemps. A partir des données de l'enquête Famille et Employeurs [2005], contenant des informations sur l'histoire conjugale et professionnelle des deux partenaires, nous REP 128 (5) septembre-octobre 2018 estimons l'effet du mariage sur le salaire horaire des personnes en couple. En tenant compte de la sélection dans le mariage (plutôt que dans la cohabitation) et sur le marché du travail, et d'un différentiel possible de spécialisation conjugale, nos résultats montrent que la prime au mariage des hommes est entièrement due à une sélection positive dans ce type d'union. La division sexuée du travail au sein du couple diminue fortement le salaire horaire des femmes mais nous ne mettons en évidence aucune pénalité supplémentaire liée au mariage. L'écart salarial entre les partenaires est similaire qu'ils soient mariés ou non mariés, une fois la sélection dans le mariage contrôlée.

show abstract

Section: Wage Premiums and Penaltiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wage Premium and Wage Penalty in Marriage versus Cohabitation

Bonnet¹,

Jeandidier²,

Solaz³

2018

Revue d'Économie Politique

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recently, Bonnet and Hourriez () argued similarly that two new risks related to women's acquisition of pension rights have recently emerged, in addition to the risk of widowhood: the risk of divorce (or separation) and parental risk (the negative impact of children on women's careers).…”

Section: Theoretical Bases Of Pension Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of them, however, limited their interests to pension rights earned through labor market participation, particularly of those who work full‐time continuously. Criticizing the studies for their unfit approach to analyzing women's social rights, some feminist researchers have, alternatively, suggested considering the “gender dimension” of pensions (Bonnet & Hourriez, ; Ginn & Arber, ; Hutton & Whiteford, ; Leitner, ; Orloff, ,b; Quadagno, ; Sainsbury, ; Scheiwe, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct rights that accrue to women in their own right take the form of individual rights in the pension system, while indirect rights based on their husbands’ rights are related to derived rights. It has been well recognized that acquiring individual pension rights has always been more difficult for women than for men (Bonnet & Hourriez, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An International Comparative Study on Women's Pension Rights and Their Economic Risks

Kim

2014

Asian Soc Wrk & Pol Rev

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article examined the theoretical meanings of pension rights and analyzed their effects on women's economic risks in developed countries. First, based on the status of a citizen, worker, parent, and spouse, this study investigated how pension benefits are guaranteed as a citizen regardless of work history, the degree to which women's disadvantageous situations in the labor market and unpaid work are compensated by public pension as workers and parents, and how marital status is treated in the different pension systems. Second, analysis of the effect of pension rights showed that individual rights is a significant factor to prevent economic risks of elderly women. Derived rights did not seem to secure the economic welfare of elderly women, at least in a comparative context. This finding suggested that developing individual rights, rather than derived rights, is the way to guarantee long-term elderly women's economic welfare.

show abstract

Is There a Child Penalty in Pensions? The Role of Caregiver Credits in the French Retirement System

Bonnet

2019

Eur J Population

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The effect of motherhood on women's labour supply has been the focus of a large body of economic literature over the last decades. Since the mid-1990s, increasing attention has been paid to the "family pay gap" or the "motherhood wage gap", i.e., the differential in wages between women with and without children. As for the long-term effects of children on pension entitlements, the empirical evidence is limited. Nevertheless, different countries have introduced pension caregiver credits into their pension systems in order to compensate parents-especially mothers-for the impact that children can have on their careers and, ultimately, on their retirement benefits. Whether or not these caregiver credits achieve this objective is still an unresolved issue. We deal with this question in the French case, as the French pension system includes the widest range of caregiver credits compared to other countries. We first compute the family pension gap at given ages for women born between 1950 and 1966, initially while ignoring caregiver credits. This gap increases with the number of children. We then show that caregiver credits do fulfil their role of compensating women for the impact of children on their pension entitlements. Taking these benefits into account offsets almost completely the difference in pension entitlements among women, whatever the number of children. For men, children have almost no impact on their pension entitlements, and caregiver credits play a minor role with the one exception that they favour the fathers of at least three children.

show abstract

Gender Equality in Pensions: What Role for Rights Accrued as a Spouse or a Parent?

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

Wage Premium and Wage Penalty in Marriage versus Cohabitation

Wage Premium and Wage Penalty in Marriage versus Cohabitation

An International Comparative Study on Women's Pension Rights and Their Economic Risks

Is There a Child Penalty in Pensions? The Role of Caregiver Credits in the French Retirement System

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About