Gender, entrepreneurship and development: which policies matter?

Marqués, Helena

doi:10.1111/dpr.12206

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 71 publications

(166 reference statements)

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“…Similar results are obtained regarding the development of women's human capital, which resonates with the research of Marques (2017), who has found that education and entrepreneurial expertise are important factors in identifying opportunities and promoting entrepreneurship. This finding implies that equal access to education, health and income given to women increases their potential to initiate successful businesses.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Female Necessity And Opportunity Entrepreneurship: A Study Of Income Level And Social Progress

Waseem¹

2018

Pak. J. Women Stud.

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The number of female owned enterprises is gradually increasing as more and more women are starting their own businesses. This has encouraged, governments, policy makers, and scholars to focus on unearthing different individual, social, and economic factors, which can promote female entrepreneurial activities. However, a majority of the studies concerning female entrepreneurial activities have focused on their overall level of business start-ups. These studies have failed to delineate between necessity based and opportunity driven entrepreneurship. Moreover, little empirical work is done to investigate how different economic, social, and cultural factors shape women’s entrepreneurial initiatives. This study aims to fill the gap in the extant literature by investigating the impact of economic development and social progress on necessity based and opportunity driven entrepreneurship among females. For this purpose, data regarding different types of female entrepreneurship was collected from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, while Gross National Income, the Social Progress Index, and the Human Capital Index were used as measures to capture economic and social factors. Regression Analysis using the Ordinary Least Square method was used for hypothesis testing. Results of this study indicate that GNI per capita, social progress and human development are positively related with opportunity driven female entrepreneurship, while the same predictors are negatively associated with necessity-based entrepreneurship among women. Moreover, GNI per capita, social progress and human development have a U-shaped relationship with overall female entrepreneurship implying that at the left side of the curve, necessity-based entrepreneurship is more prominent, while on the other side opportunity driven entrepreneurship dominates. This finding shows that distinguishing between different types of entrepreneurship can provide more nuanced explanations regarding effects of different social and economic initiatives to foster entrepreneurial activities among women.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Female Necessity And Opportunity Entrepreneurship: A Study Of Income Level And Social Progress

Waseem¹

2018

Pak. J. Women Stud.

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“…The effect of competition is weakly significant at 10% and possibly non-linear as related to the degree of innovation. Women entrepreneurs are less likely to export a high share of total sales, although this is a complex effect, itself mediated by other variables, as shown by Marques (2017aMarques ( , 2017b, and it loses significance if a two-stage model is used. To have graduate studies is positively associated with export intensity but the association is significant only at the 10% (2.23e-05) (2.30e-05) (2.32e-05) (2.47e-05) (2.44e-05) (3.64e-05) (2.43e-05 level, as education may be partly mediated by innovation and partly a signal of higher entrepreneurial ability and business know-how.…”

Section: Results For Individual-level Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Export activity, innovation and institutions in Southern European nascent entrepreneurship

Marqués

2019

Economics

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This paper studies the role of personal characteristics, perceptual variables and countrylevel conditioning (financial environment, government quality and support, education quality and entrepreneurship know-how, innovation environment and support, business infrastructure, entrepreneurial culture and society, and gender roles) in explaining the export propensity and intensity of nascent entrepreneurs in four Southern European countries (Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece), using Total Early-stage Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA) data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataset in 2003-2010. Due to the nascent nature of the business, export activity is starting or about to start at the time of the survey and, for that reason, it cannot be studied using theoretical frameworks based on productivity heterogeneity, which has not yet been measured. In this sample of nascent businesses, there is no evidence of a selection effect into exporting and the individual-level factors influencing export propensity and intensity are identical. The most relevant individual-level variables facilitating export activity are new products, new technology, graduate education, and entrepreneurship networks. The most relevant country-level factors facilitating export activity are the availability of funding, the national government's macroeconomic support, and the support for new technology.

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“…It has been shown that necessity-driven entrepreneurs are more likely to lack entrepreneurial skills, experience, and high levels of education (Block & Wagner, 2010 ). Human capital is an important factor in identifying more and better opportunities and promoting entrepreneurship (Marques, 2017 ; Nasiri & Hamelin, 2018 ).…”

Section: Explanatory Factors Of Female Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public policy recommendations for promoting female entrepreneurship in Europe

et al. 2021

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From 2021 onwards, female entrepreneurship is expected to grow very substantially as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. The introduction of teleworking and staggered hours in many countries at national or workplace level will make possible the conciliation between labour and family life. The purpose of this paper is to identify the most influential explanatory factors in the behaviour of female entrepreneurship in Europe so as to subsequently propose efficient economic policy measures to promote it. The distinction between opportunity and necessity female entrepreneurs have been considered since both motivation and factors are different in each case. 15 econometric models using the panel data method for a sample of 20 previously selected European countries (grouped by their GDP level) during the period 2001 to 2018 have been estimated to determine which explanatory factors affect female entrepreneurship and necessity-based female entrepreneurship. The empirical analysis used demonstrates that more women enter into entrepreneurship due to necessity rather than in pursuit of opportunity for European countries both with higher levels of GDP and for countries with lower levels of GDP. In this context, the following policy measures should be implemented to promote female entrepreneurship in Europe: the optimization of government spending (training courses and mentoring, public procurement, stronger networks, support in reconciling business and family life, etc.), the government incentives for subsidizing high interest rates to support women in accessing financing, and the improvement of entrepreneurship education to increase the confidence of women in themselves in their own entrepreneurial capabilities.

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Gender, entrepreneurship and development: which policies matter?

Cited by 14 publications

References 71 publications

Female Necessity And Opportunity Entrepreneurship: A Study Of Income Level And Social Progress

Female Necessity And Opportunity Entrepreneurship: A Study Of Income Level And Social Progress

Export activity, innovation and institutions in Southern European nascent entrepreneurship

Public policy recommendations for promoting female entrepreneurship in Europe

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