Gender Differences of Schizophrenia Patients With and Without Depressive Symptoms in Clinical Characteristics

Liu, Ruimei; Fang, Xinyu; Li, Yu; Wang, Dandan; Wu, Zenan; Guo, Chaoyue; Teng, Xinyue; Ren, Jun; Zhang, Chen

doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.792019

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…These results support the data of other authors on the relationship between psychotic and depressive complaints and their interdependence [30,42,43]. Some researchers have questioned the use of the Hamilton scale in patients with schizophrenia due to overlap with negative symptoms [53]. We cannot agree with this view.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Higher Depression Scores in Patients with Drug-Resistant Schizophrenia

Panov¹

2022

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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Background: Schizophrenia is a mental illness with diverse clinical presentation, in which a significant proportion of patients show resistance to treatment. In patients with schizophrenia, symptoms from all psychotic and affective spectra are observed. On the one hand, affective symptoms determine the clinical course of schizophrenia and on the other hand, depressive symptoms are some of the most common ones in psychiatry in general. These data give us reason to explore the impact of depressive symptoms on the course of schizophrenia and its relationship with resistance to treatment. Method: A study of 105 patients with schizophrenia was performed. Of these, 39 were male and 66 were female. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the treatment carried out at 12 weeks of therapy showed that 45 were resistant to schizophrenia and the remaining 60 were in clinical remission. The clinical evaluation of the patients was performed with the PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) and BPRS (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale) scales. The assessment of depressive complaints was conducted with the Hamilton Depression Scale. Results: Our study showed that in the analysis of depressive complaints with the Hamilton scale females got 12.55 points, and males got 11.44 points. We found a correlation of depressive complaints with the evaluation on the PANSS and BPRS scales, and in the analysis on the individual subscales we found a correlation on the subscale for positive and disorganized symptoms and no correlation on the scale for negative symptoms. We established a difference in the level of depression in patients with resistance in whom the level of depressive complaints was 13.82, while in those in clinical remission it was 10.87 points. Conclusions: The level of depressive symptoms in patients with resistant schizophrenia is higher than in clinical remission. Depressive symptoms correlate with positive and disorganized symptoms on the PANSS scale, but not with negative symptoms. Gender is not a determining factor in depressive complaints.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Higher Depression Scores in Patients with Drug-Resistant Schizophrenia

Panov¹

2022

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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“…It appears that DS patients has higher levels of inflammatory activation than NDS patients only in females. We know ample evidence supports significant sex differences in many aspects of schizophrenia, including clinical symptoms, cognitive impairments, and biological mechanisms ( 54 – 56 ). One plausible explanation for the sex differences in immune inflammation between DS and NDS patients has to do with sex hormones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in inflammatory marker profiles and cognitive functioning between deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

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Deficit schizophrenia (DS) patient is a homogenous subtype of schizophrenia that includes primary and enduring negative symptoms. This study aimed to compare the differences in cognitive functioning and plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and inflammatory cytokines among DS patients, nondeficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients, and healthy controls (HCs). A total of 141 schizophrenia patients and 67 HCs were included in this study. The schizophrenia patients were divided into DS (N= 51) and NDS (N=90) groups based on the Proxy for the Deficit Syndrome Scale (PDS). The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) were used to evaluate the clinical symptoms and cognitive performances, respectively. The plasma level of CRP, IL-1β, Il-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Our results showed that DS patients had the worst cognitive performance, especially in the immediate memory, attention, and language dimensions, compared to the NDS and HC groups. Compared to the HCs group, DS patients had higher levels of CRP, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, and total proinflammatory cytokines, and NDS patients had higher levels of IL-1β, IFN-γ, and proinflammatory cytokines. We also found that CRP levels were significantly increased in DS patients compared to NDS patients. Moreover, stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that CRP is an independent risk factor for DS. Sex stratification analysis showed significant differences in almost all cytokines in female samples but not in male samples. The significant differences in cognitive performance and inflammatory components among groups suggest that deficit syndrome is an independent endophenotype of schizophrenia patients with unique immune-inflammatory features, but may have sex characteristics.

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“…There is also intense debate regarding the impact of antipsychotic drugs on cognitive function ( 19 ). Furthermore, there are gender differences in the psychiatric symptoms and cognitive functions of patients with schizophrenia ( 20 ). Similarly, Zhu Y et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the sex differences in schizophrenia ( 20 , 21 ) and the effect of antipsychotic medication ( 16 , 17 , 22 ), we recruited first-episode drug-naïve male patients with schizophrenia to control for these confounding factors. We collected metabolic indicators, including BMI, fasting plasma glucose, and lipids, as well as symptom dimensions and cognitive assessment scores.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between increased BMI and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve male schizophrenia

Deng,

Lu,

et al. 2024

Front. Psychiatry

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ObjectiveAlthough the adverse effects of obesity in schizophrenia are documented, there is limited research exists on the implications for untreated initial schizophrenia. Our investigation aimed to explore the connections between BMI and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN)schizophrenia.MethodsWe enrolled 143 FEDN schizophrenia patients, and collected data on their body mass index, fasting blood glucose and lipid levels. Cognitive function was measured with the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). Using correlation and regression analysis to assess the relationship between BMI and cognitive performance.ResultsThe prevalence rate of overweight plus obesity in FEDN schizophrenia patients was 33.57%. Patients with FEDN schizophrenia exhibited extensive cognitive impairment, and those who were overweight/obesity demonstrated more severe impairments in working memory and visual learning when compared to normal/under weight counterparts. Correlation analysis indicated a negative association between working memory and BMI and TG, as well as a link between visual learning and BMI and LDL-C. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that a higher BMI predicted a decrease in working memory in FEDN schizophrenia patients.ConclusionOur results indicate that the rate of overweight plus obesity is high in FEDN schizophrenia patients, and there is an association between BMI and cognitive function in schizophrenia, particularly in relation to working memory.

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Gender Differences of Schizophrenia Patients With and Without Depressive Symptoms in Clinical Characteristics

Cited by 8 publications

References 48 publications

Higher Depression Scores in Patients with Drug-Resistant Schizophrenia

Higher Depression Scores in Patients with Drug-Resistant Schizophrenia

Differences in inflammatory marker profiles and cognitive functioning between deficit and nondeficit schizophrenia

Association between increased BMI and cognitive function in first-episode drug-naïve male schizophrenia

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