Gender Differences in Youth Exposure to Community Violence: A Partial Test of Power-Control Theory

Antunes, Maria João Lobo; Ahlin, Eileen M.; Emmert, Amanda D.; Manasse, Michelle

doi:10.1177/1557085119877248

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 66 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A study of Black adolescent males in an under‐resourced neighborhood found that their perception of parental expectations related to violence (e.g., “Do your parents want you to stay away from situations where you could get into a fight?”) significantly predicted their self‐efficacy in avoiding violence (Thomas et al, 2016). Related, parents may endorse gendered attitudes about violence that can impact parenting behaviors related to restrictiveness and unstructured socializing and subsequent exposure to violence (Antunes et al, 2020). Future studies should consider parental attitudes and messaging surrounding parenting behaviors and child coping strategies in response to violence exposure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Community Violence Exposure among African American Adolescents Living in Low‐Resourced Urban Neighborhoods

Whipple

Robinson

Jason

et al. 2021

American J of Comm Psychol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

African American adolescents living in neighborhoods with concentrated economic disadvantage are disproportionately exposed to community violence. This study builds upon previous research and examines patterns, severity, and chronicity of violence exposure, within a sample of African American adolescents living in low‐resourced, urban neighborhoods (n = 327). The influence of both individual‐ and contextual‐level factors on community violence exposure (CVE) is examined. Data were collected across four time points at 6‐month intervals. Latent transition analysis identified three patterns of CVE at each time point: low witnessing and low victimization (LW‐LV), high witnessing and low victimization (HW‐LV), and high witnessing and high victimization (HW‐HV), as well as transitions between each class. Although a stable LW‐LV class membership over time was the most prevalent pattern, most adolescents experienced some change in exposure. Nearly one‐third of the participants were classified in the HW‐HV group at some point in time. Analyses on individual‐ and contextual‐level factors revealed that more depressive symptoms, community problems (e.g., drugs, graffiti, noise), or community resources (e.g., schools, parks, recreational facilities) were associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing high levels of violent victimization. Implications for intervention and prevention of CVE are discussed.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of Community Violence Exposure among African American Adolescents Living in Low‐Resourced Urban Neighborhoods

Whipple

Robinson

Jason

et al. 2021

American J of Comm Psychol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Our findings align with global reports that men are most likely to be both victims and perpetrators of violence, including weapon-related violence (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2019). Findings also indicate that although women might experience more violence in-home than in-community due to socialization and restrictions (Antunes et al, 2020), during adolescence they may not yet be at greater risk for in-home violence as compared to men. Nonetheless, our findings also show that the victimization gap between this sample of young men and women is the narrowest for in-home physical assaults, indicating that this may be the type and context of victimization for which women may be most at risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Therefore, the potentially moderating role of sex is an important factor in the examination of the effects of exposure to weapon-related violence. Studies also show that males report greater community violence victimization than women, whereas women might be at greater risk of victimization at home (Antunes et al, 2020; Springer & Padgett, 2000). This difference in the context of exposure suggests that while home and community victimization might be additive, men and women might have differential experiences that further complicate statistical models.…”

Section: Moderators That Might Vary Based On Types Of Assaultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Youth Exposure to Gun, Knife, and Physical Assaults: Assessing PTSD Symptoms Across Types of Assaults, Race, Ethnicity, Sex, and Context

Allwood

Robinson

Kim

2023

J Interpers Violence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study examined posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in relation to physical assaults and weapons-related victimization, as well as the moderating roles of demographic characteristics and the context of victimization. The sample consisted of 910 racially and ethnically diverse adolescents and young adults from an urban commuter college in the Northeast U.S. Findings include significant sex differences and racial differences in reported victimization and symptoms. Men reported significantly more physical assaults, gun victimizations, and knife victimizations than women. Black participants reported significantly more gun victimization than all other groups, and Black, White, and Asian participants reported significantly more physical assault experiences than Latinx participants. Individuals victimized by physical assault or by gun victimization were more than twice as likely to report clinically significant PTSD symptoms than individuals without such experiences, even after adjusting for demographic differences. In addition, for gun victimization in the community, a two-way interaction (gun victimization by race) and a three-way interaction (gun victimization by race by sex) were significantly associated with clinically significant PTSD symptoms. Gun victimization in the community, which disproportionately impacts Black men, was the only context in which PTSD symptoms were highest for men compared to women. The overall finding of lower PTSD symptoms among men suggests that clinical practice must include an intentional focus on violence victimization, including the use of weapons, as well as the various ways that distress might manifest among men. In addition to symptoms of PTSD, other symptoms of distress, including substance use, anger, and retaliatory aggression, should be considered. Public policy and public health must also direct attention to the use of weapons in violence victimization and the proliferation of weapons violence.

show abstract

“…Boys are more likely than girls to experience community violence (e.g., Zona & Milan, 2011). In partial support of the power-control theory (e.g., Hagan et al, 1987) that links variations in common criminal activities between males and females to differential patterns of family management strategies and control processes, Lobo Antunes et al (2020) found that parents' greater protections outside the home over their adolescent daughters compared with their adolescent sons may account for girls' lesser exposure to neighborhood violence. In addition, 5-8-year-old girls were found to be less motorically active than boys even after maturation was taken into account (Eaton & Yu, 1989); girls outperformed boys in inhibitory control from toddlerhood to early school age (Kochanska et al, 1997).…”

Section: Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Child community violence exposure in an at-risk sample: Developmental trajectories, caregiving risks, and the role of child temperament.

Zhao¹,

Ettekal²,

Nickerson³

et al. 2022

Psychology of Violence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: To better understand early etiological pathways to trajectories of child exposure to community violence (CECV), we used person-centered latent class growth analysis (LCGA) to examine chronicity of CECV from early school age through early adolescence, and examined early risks of the identified CECV trajectories (i.e., prenatal cocaine exposure, harsh parenting and caregiving instability across infancy and early childhood, and child activity level and inhibitory control at kindergarten age). Method: An at-risk sample (N = 216; 110 girls) of primarily low-income participants (76% on Temporary Assistance for Needy Families) with high rates of prenatal substance exposure was used. The majority of the mothers were African-American (72%), had high school or below education (70%), and were single (86%). Postnatal assessments occurred at eight time points during infancy and toddlerhood, early childhood through early school age, and early adolescence. Results: We identified two distinct linearly increasing CECV trajectories (high-exposure and low-exposure). An interaction between child activity level and maternal harshness emerged, such that children with high activity levels and experiencing high harshness had the highest probabilities of being in the high exposure-increasing trajectory, in addition to early caregiving instability (conditional effect). Conclusion: The present findings not only have important theoretical implications but also provide insights into early intervention.

show abstract

Gender Differences in Youth Exposure to Community Violence: A Partial Test of Power-Control Theory

Cited by 5 publications

References 66 publications

Patterns of Community Violence Exposure among African American Adolescents Living in Low‐Resourced Urban Neighborhoods

Patterns of Community Violence Exposure among African American Adolescents Living in Low‐Resourced Urban Neighborhoods

Youth Exposure to Gun, Knife, and Physical Assaults: Assessing PTSD Symptoms Across Types of Assaults, Race, Ethnicity, Sex, and Context

Child community violence exposure in an at-risk sample: Developmental trajectories, caregiving risks, and the role of child temperament.

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About