Gender differences in the levels of bisphenol A metabolites in urine

Kim, Yong‐Hak; Kim, Cheong Sik; Park, Soyeon; Han, Soon Young; Pyo, Myoung-Yun; Yang, Mihi

doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.10.135

Cited by 124 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Our data are similar to those previously obtained at environmental concentrations in Japan ( Table 1), albeit that these other studies used instrumental analyses for measurement, and some failed to consider BPA sulfate, although admittedly this is only a minor metabolite of BPA, in men at least (6). Specifically, our median concentrations (25th-75th percentiles) of unadjusted and creatinineadjusted BPA of 1.6 (0.69-2.8) μg/L and 0.80 (0.45-1.3) μg/g creatinine, respectively, compare well with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 11.9 (median of 0.77) μg/g creatinine in single spot urine samples collected from 48 female university students in Japan (8), and concentrations ranging from 0.14 to 5.47 (0.81 on average) μg/L in pooled urine samples in 46 male and 23 female volunteers (16).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Most studies to date have been constrained by two problems, however. First, despite the finding that BPA sulfate is a major metabolite of BPA in women (6), to our knowledge only the most recent US study (n=30) employed BPA detection using both mass spectrometry and deconjugation of BPA sulfate (7). Second, sample sizes have been limited to smaller than 100.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary bisphenol-A concentration in infertile Japanese women and its association with endometriosis: A cross-sectional study

Itoh¹,

Iwasaki²,

Hanaoka³

et al. 2007

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objectives: Bisphenol A (BPA), a raw material commonly used in the manufacture of resins such as polycarbonate and epoxy, is a possible xenoestrogen that is hypothesized to disrupt the human endocrine system. Humans are widely exposed to BPA. We investigated the urinary concentration of BPA in infertile Japanese women and its possible association with endometriosis.Materials and Methods: We recruited 166 women (aged 20-45) who had complained of infertility and visited a university hospital in Tokyo. The subjects were interviewed and their urine samples were obtained prior to a laparoscopic diagnosis of endometriosis between January 2000 and December 2001. Urinary total BPA concentration in 140 eligible urine samples was then measured using enzymatic deconjugation of glucuronide and sulfate and high-performance liquid chromatography isotopedilution tandem mass spectrometry.Results: Median (25th-75th percentile) unadjusted and creatinine-adjusted urinary BPA concentrations were 1.6 (0.69-2.8) μg/L and 0.80 (0.45-1.3) μg/g creatinine. No significant monotonic association of endometriosis with urinary BPA concentration was observed. Median urinary BPA concentration in women with stage 0-I endometriosis (0.74 μg/g creatinine) did not significantly differ from that in those with stage II-IV endometriosis (0.93 μg/g creatinine) (p for difference=0.24).Conclusions: This study, based on a larger number of samples than those in previous studies in Japan and using the most reliable analytical method currently available, showed that urinary concentrations of BPA in women who consulted a physician for infertility were not higher than those in other populations. Moreover, no association between urinary BPA concentration and endometriosis was found in this cross-sectional study.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary bisphenol-A concentration in infertile Japanese women and its association with endometriosis: A cross-sectional study

Itoh¹,

Iwasaki²,

Hanaoka³

et al. 2007

Environ Health Prev Med

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“…This finding directly contradicts the conclusions reached by the study authors, who suggested that 100% first-pass metabolism would promptly convert BPA to its conjugated metabolites. As mentioned above, several other studies have also detected unconjugated BPA in urine Kim et al 2003;Ouichi and Watanabe 2002;Schöringhum-er and Cichna-Markl 2007;Volkel et al 2008;Ye et al 2005b). Volkel et al (2005) also collected plasma samples for measurement of BPA, although no measurements of conjugated or unconjugated BPA were reported.…”

Section: Reliability Of Biomonitoring and Toxicokinetic Studiesmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The authors developed a method that was fairly sensitive [limit of detection (LOD) = 0.12 ng/mL]; concentrations of unconjugated BPA were < LOD, and concentrations of BPA glucuronide ranged from 0.11 to 0.51 ng/mL. After this initial examination in pooled urine, more than a dozen additional small studies examined urinary BPA concentrations and/or its metabolites in < 100 adults each (Arakawa et al 2004;Carwile et al 2009;García-Prieto et al 2008;Joskow et al 2006;Kawaguichi et al 2005;Kim et al 2003;Liu et al 2005;Mao et al 2004;Matsumoto et al 2003;Moors et al 2007;Nepomnaschy et al 2009;Ouichi and Watanabe 2002;Schöringhumer and Cichna-Markl 2007;Tsukioka et al 2003;Volkel et al 2005;Yang et al 2003;Ye et al 2005aYe et al , 2005b (Table 1). Although these studies used slightly different methods and different population samples, they overwhelmingly detected BPA or its conjugates in urine.…”

Section: Exposure Assessment From Urinary Measures Of Bpamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Of the seven studies that specifically examined unconjugated BPA, six detected unconjugated BPA in at least one sample Kim et al 2003;Ouichi and Watanabe 2002;Schöringhumer and Cichna-Markl 2007;Volkel et al 2008;Ye et al 2005b); only one study failed to detect unconjugated BPA in any sample (Brock et al 2001). The distinction between conjugated and unconjugated BPA is an important one, especially in blood samples, where the presence of unconjugated BPA in circulation indicates internal exposure to the parent compound, which is estrogenically active.…”

Section: Exposure Assessment From Urinary Measures Of Bpamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A

Vandenberg

Chahoud

Heindel³

et al. 2012

Ciênc. saúde coletiva

331

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Estudos de biomonitoração do sistema urinário, circulatório e tecidos indicam grande exposição ao Bisfenol A Resumo Bisfenol A (BPA) é um dos produtos quí-micos mais produzido em todo o mundo, e a exposição humana a ele é considerada onipresente. Assim, há preocupações de que a quantidade de BPA para o qual os seres humanos estão expostos podem causar efeitos adversos à saúde. Nós examinamos muitas possibilidades sobre o porquê estudos de biomonitorização e toxicocinética podem chegar a conclusões aparentemente conflitantes. Mais de 80 estudos publicados de biomonitorização humana que mediram a concentração de BPA em tecidos humanos, urina, sangue e outros fluidos, juntamente com dois estudos de toxicocinéti-ca do metabolismo humano BPA foram examinados. BPA não conjugado foi detectado no sangue (nonanogramas por mililitro gama), e BPA conjugado foi detectado na grande maioria das amostras de urina. Em contraste, estudos de toxico-cinética propuseram que os seres humanos não são internamente expostos ao BPA. Dados disponíveis de estudos de biomonitorização indicam que a população em geral está exposta ao BPA e em risco de exposição interna ao BPA não conjugado. Os dois estudos de toxicocinética, que sugeriram a exposição humana ao BPA é insignificante, têm deficiências significativas e estão diretamente refutados por outros estudos e, portanto não são confiáveis para fins de avaliação de risco. Palavras-chave Disruptor endócrino, Exposição humana, Modelo PBPK/PBTK, Gravidez, Avaliação de risco, Toxicocinética Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest-volume chemicals produced worldwide, and human exposure to BPA is thought to be ubiquitous. Thus, there are concerns that the amount of BPA to which humans are exposed may cause adverse health effects. We examined many possibilities for why biomonitoring and toxicokinetic studies could come to seemingly conflicting conclusions. More than 80 published human biomonitoring studies that measured BPA concentrations in human tissues, urine, blood, and other fluids, along with two toxicokinetic studies of human BPA metabolism were examined. Unconjugated BPA was routinely detected in blood (in the nanograms per milliliter range), and conjugated BPA was routinely detected in the vast majority of urine samples (also in the nanograms per milliliter range). In stark contrast, toxicokinetic studies proposed that humans are not internally exposed to BPA. Available data from biomonitoring studies clearly indicate that the general population is exposed to BPA and is at risk from internal exposure to unconjugated BPA. The two toxicokinetic studies that suggested human BPA exposure is negligible have significant deficiencies, are directly contradicted by hypothesis-driven studies, and are therefore not reliable for risk assessment purposes.

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NTP‐CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A

Chapin

Adams

Boekelheide

et al. 2008

Birth Defects Research Pt B

402

304

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Gender differences in the levels of bisphenol A metabolites in urine

Cited by 124 publications

References 16 publications

Urinary bisphenol-A concentration in infertile Japanese women and its association with endometriosis: A cross-sectional study

Urinary bisphenol-A concentration in infertile Japanese women and its association with endometriosis: A cross-sectional study

Urinary, Circulating, and Tissue Biomonitoring Studies Indicate Widespread Exposure to Bisphenol A

NTP‐CERHR expert panel report on the reproductive and developmental toxicity of bisphenol A

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