Gender differences in re‐offending among psychiatrically examined Swedish offenders

Alm, Charlotte; Berman, Anne H.; Kristiansson, Marianne; Lindqvist, Per; Palmstierna, Tom; Gumpert, Clara Hellner

doi:10.1002/cbm.767

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Possibly treatment was more accessible to women than men during the study period and thereby increasing females’ probability of survival. Furthermore, women are less likely to be incarcerated [24,25,37] and less likely to re-offend [38,39]. It could be that gender differences in incarceration and treatment increased females’ probability of survival.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender differences in mortality and risk factors in a 13-year cohort study of street-recruited injecting drug users

Gjersing¹,

Bretteville-Jensen²

2014

BMC Public Health

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BackgroundInjecting drug users (IDUs) are at risk of premature mortality. This study examined gender differences in mortality, risk factors, and causes of death among IDUs.MethodsIn a 13-year cohort study including 172 street-recruited IDUs from Oslo, Norway in 1997, interview data was merged with the National Cause of Death Registry. Crude mortality rate (CMR) and indirect standardized mortality ratio (SMR) were estimated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A log-logistic multivariate survival analysis model was estimated for the full sample. For a smaller data set (1.1.1998-31.12.2004) the influence of substitution treatment and prison were assessed using cox regression survival analysis.ResultsEight females and 37 males died. Acute intoxications were the most common cause of death. Women were more at risk in the short-term, but more protected in the long-term. CMR was 16.0 [95% CI 8.0, 31.9] for women and 26.0 [95% CI 18.0, 35.8]) for men. SMR was 39.4 [95% CI 0.2, 220.8]) for women and 21.3 [95% CI 5.7, 54.1] for men. More women injected heroin (98% vs. 88% [x2 = 3.5, p = 0.063]), used prescription drugs (73% vs. 52% [x2 = 5.6, p = 0.018]) and combined these to inject (45% vs. 26% [x2 = 5.9, p = 0.015]). Mixing prescription drugs in heroin injections, and sex work (only women) were associated with decreased survival time. There were no gender differences in access to substitution treatment, while significantly more men had been in prison (74% vs. 51% [x2 = 7.5, p = 0.006]). The instance of substitution treatment and prison significantly decreased the mortality risk. Prison release increased the risk, but not statistically significantly.ConclusionsThere were gender differences in mortality and risk factors; sex work and prison were gender specific risk factors. These factors should be investigated further to better design future preventive measures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the first weeks after prison release are associated with increased mortality risk [35-37]. Women are less likely to be incarcerated [24,25,37], and less likely to re-offend [38,39]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender differences in mortality and risk factors in a 13-year cohort study of street-recruited injecting drug users

Gjersing¹,

Bretteville-Jensen²

2014

BMC Public Health

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“…This is supported by the argument that different risk factors may be of different significance within different populations, e.g. the role of mental illness appears to differ when applied to the general population compared with offenders and to female compared with male offenders (Alm et al, 2010;Chang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Violence Risk Assessment Of Offendersmentioning

confidence: 94%

Reactions on Display/Intimate Partner Violence (RoD/IPV)—A Study of a New Interactive Computer Simulation Program for the Treatment of Men Convicted of Intimate Partner Violence

Sygel

Kristiansson

Furberg

et al. 2014

International Journal of Forensic Mental Health

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“…Alm et al identified gender differences in the patterns of reoffending of MDOs after discharge from forensic psychiatric services [ 20 ], but it was noted that its findings should be interpreted with caution due to the study’s small sample size (only 13 women and 23 men in the sample reoffended). Another study on the subject included only 24 patients with reconvictions [ 9 ]; small sample sizes is a common problem in forensic psychiatric research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reconvictions of mentally disordered offenders—how, when, and where?

2022

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Background Little is known about the recidivism of mentally disordered offenders after discharge from forensic psychiatric services. This is problematic because such knowledge could (i) help professionals who encounter this group to better plan interventions to prevent recidivism, (ii) clarify the rates of recidivism post-discharge from forensic psychiatric care and (iii) further develop instruments for specific risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the new crimes of mentally disordered offenders who had been reconvicted after discharge from forensic psychiatric care. Methods Included in this study were all individuals (n = 1142) who had been discharged from forensic psychiatric care in Sweden during 2009–2018, were included in the Swedish National Forensic Psychiatric Register, and had been reconvicted in a criminal court within the follow-up period of 2009–2018 (n = 157, 14% of the population). The follow-up times of the discharged patients within the period varied from 4 to 3644 days, (m = 1697, Md = 1685). Retrospective registry data along with coded data from criminal court judgments (n = 210) were used to create a database. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results 75% of included individuals were reconvicted for at least one violent crime, but only 9 individuals were reconvicted for a serious violent crime, which can be compared to the 44 individuals with serious violent index crimes. The most common crime was “Other violent”. The most common sentence was probation. The offender’s most common relationship to the victim was having no known relationship, followed by the victim being a person of authority. The most common circumstance of the crime leading to the reconviction was that it occurred without apparent provocation; other common circumstances were related to the exercise of public authority. The most common crime scene was a public place. Conclusions Even though the reconvictions of this group included many violent crimes, there were very few serious violent crimes. The findings that the victims of the crimes of mentally disordered offenders are most commonly either unknown to the perpetrator or persons of authority, and that the crimes are often perpetrated without apparent provocation or reason, are important information for all professionals who encounter this group and should be taken into consideration to assess risk more accurately.

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Gender differences in re‐offending among psychiatrically examined Swedish offenders

Cited by 6 publications

References 34 publications

Gender differences in mortality and risk factors in a 13-year cohort study of street-recruited injecting drug users

Gender differences in mortality and risk factors in a 13-year cohort study of street-recruited injecting drug users

Reactions on Display/Intimate Partner Violence (RoD/IPV)—A Study of a New Interactive Computer Simulation Program for the Treatment of Men Convicted of Intimate Partner Violence

The reconvictions of mentally disordered offenders—how, when, and where?

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