Gender Differences in Perceived Burnout of College Coaches

Caccese, Thomas M.; Mayerberg, Cathleen Kubiniec

doi:10.1123/jsp.6.3.279

Cited by 90 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The mean values of the MBI-C scales Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment do not represent high stressed coaches. These results correspond with results of Caccese and Mayerberg [31] as well as Dale and Weinberg [82] who also found low levels of burnout on average. On the one hand, an explanation for the low mean of burnout could be the recruiting of participants because coaches with high burnout and work overload would not respond to time consuming examinations [31,82].…”

Section: Strengths Limitations and Future Researchsupporting

confidence: 91%

Are German Coaches Highly Exhausted? A Study of Differences in Personal and Environmental Factors

Altfeld

Kellmann

2015

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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Previous research has produced equivocal findings in regard to personal and environmental parameters influencing coaches' perceptions of stress and burnout levels. Moreover, there is a paucity of studies examining these factors in European professional sport contexts. This study investigated the influence of person-related (e.g., age, hours per week, level of recovery, coaching alternatives, experience as an assistant), sport-related (e.g., type of sport, working in youth or senior section, level of performing), and perception-related variables (e.g., feeling of meaningfulness, financial security) in relation to burnout of German full-time coaches. One-hundred and fifty eight coaches of different sports and levels completed a demographical survey, a German coaches' version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and the Recovery-Stress Questionnaire for Coaches. Two contrasting groups were formed to compare coaches with the lowest scores in Emotional Exhaustion (lowest 20%) and the highest scores in Emotional Exhaustion (highest 20%). Overall Stress (β = 3.92, p < .001) and Overall Recovery (β = -2.86, p < .001) demonstrated significant effects on Emotional Exhaustion within multiple regression analysis. Moreover, the variables sense of well-being (r = -.46, p < .001), feeling of meaningfulness (r = -.28, p < .001) showed significant relationships to the key burnout symptom of Emotional Exhaustion. The extreme group comparison indicated significant differences in person-related and perception-related parameters. Recovery as well as social support might be important in managing stress in the challenging work environments of full-time coaches.Additionally, the perception of the current coaching job might be more important than context-related variables (e.g., type of sport, level). Reviewer: Thomas Curran (University of Gloucestershire, UK) INTRODUCTIONThe occupational group of full-time coaches has regularly to deal with a range of potential stressors in the workplace, including emotional and physical demands, caused by the complex nature of coaching work which is typically judged by performance outcomes [1]. They are required to engage in complex decision-making including player selections, problem-solving, and often within significant time constraints. Planning and preparation for practice and competitions are also part of coaches' work as well as dealing with governing boards and/or parents (in youth sport) and other external factors [2]. At the same time, they need to manage their own emotional and physical state to perform at their optimal level [3]. Typically, job and associated financial security are dependent upon the performance of the athletes and subsequently may influence the mental well-being of the coaches [4]. Hence, the issue of financial security is one distinctive difference between full-time and part-time coaches or volunteers. Associated with issues such as financial security is the pressure to perform, and over the duration of the season this stress is likely to accumulate and potentially l...

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Section: Strengths Limitations and Future Researchsupporting

confidence: 91%

Are German Coaches Highly Exhausted? A Study of Differences in Personal and Environmental Factors

Altfeld

Kellmann

2015

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching

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“…Coaching, a profession with parallel job responsibilities to athletic training, traveling 35 and long work hours, 35 has been linked to JB, which in turn has been linked to WFC. 6,14,17,[21][22][23] In addition to time away from home and long work hours, inflexibility of work schedules, and work overload (due to lack of staffing) were identified as the foundation to JB for this group of ATs; all these organizational factors related to athletic training were previously identified as antecedents to WFC 2,4 as well as job dissatisfaction.…”

Section: Work-family Conflict and Job Burnoutmentioning

confidence: 99%

Work-Family Conflict, Part II: Job and Life Satisfaction in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I-A Certified Athletic Trainers

Mazerolle

Bruening

Casa

et al. 2008

Journal of Athletic Training

129

185

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Context: Previous researchers have shown that work-family conflict (WFC) affects the level of a person's job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and job burnout and intentions to leave the profession. However, WFC and its consequences have not yet been fully investigated among certified athletic trainers.Objective: To investigate the relationship between WFC and various outcome variables among certified athletic trainers working in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I-A settings.Design: A mixed-methods design using a 53-item survey questionnaire and follow-up in-depth interviews was used to examine the prevalence of WFC.Setting: Division I-A universities sponsoring football. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 587 athletic trainers (324 men, 263 women) responded to the questionnaire, and 12 (6 men, 6 women) participated in the qualitative portion of the mixed-methods study.Data Collection and Analysis: We calculated Pearson correlations to determine the relationship between WFC and job satisfaction, life satisfaction, and job burnout. Regression analyses were run to determine whether WFC was a predictor of job satisfaction, job burnout, or intention to leave the profession. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and then analyzed using the computer program N6 as well as member checks and peer debriefing.Results: Negative relationships were found between WFC and job satisfaction (r 5 2.52, P , .001). Positive were noted between WFC and job burnout (r 5 .63, P , .001) and intention to leave the profession (r 5 .46, P , .001). Regression analyses revealed that WFC directly contributed to job satisfaction (P , .001), job burnout (P , .001), and intention to leave the profession (P , .001).Conclusions: Overall, our findings concur with those of previous researchers on WFC and its negative relationships to job satisfaction and life satisfaction and positive relationship to job burnout and intention to leave an organization. Sources of WFC, such as time, inflexible work schedules, and inadequate staffing, were also related to job burnout and job dissatisfaction in this population.Key Words: burnout, attrition Key PointsN In these Division I-A athletic trainers, work-family conflict was inversely related to job satisfaction. Positive correlations were noted between work-family conflict and job burnout and work-family conflict and intention to leave the profession.N Our findings are similar to those of other researchers studying work-family conflict in a variety of populations. N Future investigators should focus on identifying successful strategies for mitigating the occurrence of work-family conflict and its negative consequences.

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“…Self-report measures and cross-sectional designs have dominated research. The authors conclude by summarizing the key findings in the literature and highlighting the gaps that could be filled by future research.Burnout in the sport setting was first investigated by Caccese and Mayerberg (1984) in a study of coach burnout. Similar to many concepts in sport psychology, the original conceptualization occurred outside sport, in this case in the work domain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Burnout in the sport setting was first investigated by Caccese and Mayerberg (1984) in a study of coach burnout. Similar to many concepts in sport psychology, the original conceptualization occurred outside sport, in this case in the work domain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Burnout in Sport: A Systematic Review

Goodger

Gorely

Lavallee

et al. 2007

The Sport Psychologist

326

239

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The purpose of the present review was to provide an up-to-date summary of the burnout-in-sport literature. The last published reviews were in 1989 (Fender) and 1990 (Dale & Weinberg). In order to appreciate the status of current knowledge and understanding and to identify potential future directions, the authors conducted a synthesis of published work using a systematic-review methodology. Findings comprised 3 sections: sample characteristics, correlates, and research designs and data collection. A total of 58 published studies were assessed, most of which focused on athletes (n = 27) and coaches (n = 23). Correlates were grouped into psychological, demographic, and situational factors and were summarized as positively, negatively, indeterminate, and nonassociated with burnout. Self-report measures and cross-sectional designs have dominated research. The authors conclude by summarizing the key findings in the literature and highlighting the gaps that could be filled by future research.Burnout in the sport setting was first investigated by Caccese and Mayerberg (1984) in a study of coach burnout. Similar to many concepts in sport psychology, the original conceptualization occurred outside sport, in this case in the work domain. Herbert Freudenberger (1974) is generally considered the founding father with his study on staff burnout among volunteers at a New York drug rehabilitation clinic. Around the same time, however, Christina Maslach, a social-psychology researcher, also began to coin the term to describe a gradual process of exhaustion, cynicism, and reduced commitment among poverty lawyers. Maslach's work has continued to be instrumental in shaping the development of research in the field, and the more practitioner-based approach established by Freudenberger has forged a second tradition focused on the assessment, prevention, and treatment of the syndrome (Schaufeli & Buunk, 2003).In both the professional and sport settings the concept of burnout has been enormously popular and readily taken up. The media have been instrumental in popularizing the concept through (in the case of sport) sensational accounts of the dramatic demise of high-profile sports stars and the decline of young prodigies who fail to fulfill their potential. It has become a colloquialism in the sport community and among the wider fan base (Raedeke, 1997;Vealey, Armstrong, Comar, & Greenleaf, 1998). Use of the term burnout also conjures powerful visual images, but, despite the vividness of such images, there remains much debate as to the definition and measurement of burnout in the sport setting (Raedeke & Smith, 2001). Research on coaches and other sport practitioners has long employed the widely accepted conceptualization of burnout by Maslach and Jackson (1984). From this standpoint, burnout comprises three dimensions: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced performance accomplishment. Issues concerning the appropriateness of this conceptualization for use among athlete populations have led to the development of an athlete-...

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Gender Differences in Perceived Burnout of College Coaches

Cited by 90 publications

References 5 publications

Are German Coaches Highly Exhausted? A Study of Differences in Personal and Environmental Factors

Are German Coaches Highly Exhausted? A Study of Differences in Personal and Environmental Factors

Work-Family Conflict, Part II: Job and Life Satisfaction in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I-A Certified Athletic Trainers

Burnout in Sport: A Systematic Review

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