Gender Bias in YouTube Videos Describing Common Urology Conditions

Linguistic analysis of gender bias among ophthalmic content on YouTube

“…The study complied with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Absence of anterior segment tumour involvement was assessed by ultrasound biomicroscopy in all cases 3 and additional anterior chamber tap cytopathology in case of previous active aqueous seeding. Goniosynechialysis was performed using viscoseparation of the iris from the cornea and iridocorneal angle structures, down to the ciliary body or scleral spur, under gonioscopic guidance, using a Swan-Ganz gonioprism.…”

“…2 The platform is construed as a modality to deliver important medical information to patients in an accessible manner. 3 However, research demonstrates that women remain underrepresented as communicators of scientific content. 4 Gender bias can potentially have a negative impact on patients, physicians, and students within ophthalmology.…”

“…These methods have been employed in previous analyses. 3 Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, χ 2 test, and Fisher's exact test were conducted where appropriate. Homogeneity of variance was assessed using Levene's statistic; where absent, Welch's ANOVA was completed instead of one-way ANOVA.…”

Music Education on YouTube and the Challenges of Platformization

“…For example, within just the ukulele community, there are numerous creators 2 with subscriber counts that are a fraction of the big stars, yet they can make their living through teaching on YouTube (E. O'Leary 2020). As Dave Wiskus, the CEO of the online learning platform Nebula, commented, "for the entirety of human history until 17 years ago, there was no such thing as a middle-class content creator" (Patel 2022), but platforms have made this a possibility today. YouTubebased music educators' work is not just online; it is platform-based and influenced by YouTube's affordances, policies, and governance structures.…”